Table 3.
Articles selected for the systematic review on leprosy reactions and presence of mediators in skin biopsy and/or serum (a) and leprosy reaction, dental infection, and presence of cytokines (b) according to the publication year, authors, type of sample, and obtained results.
| Year | Authors | N | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Leprosy reaction and presence of inflammatory mediators in skin biopsy specimens and/or serum | |||
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| |||
| 2013 | Abdallah et al. [67] | 31 (L), 6 (T1R), 6 (T2R), 43 (C) |
Increased production of IL-4 in multibacillary forms can be responsible for the development of erythema nodosum leprosum. IL-17 was lower in cases than in controls. |
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| 2012 | Chaitanya et al. [77] | 80 (T1R), 21 (T2R), 90 (L), 94 (NL) |
Serum IL-17 level increased during reactional states. There was higher elevation during T1R than during T2R and nonreactional states. |
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| |||
| 2011 | Lockwood et al. [29] | 299 (tissue) | TNF-α and TGF-1β were detected in 78% and 94% of the samples, respectively, and were associated with T1R. |
| Madan et al. [129] | 51 (L), 10 (R) | Levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 were higher in T2R, whereas the TNF-α level was higher in T1R. | |
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| 2009 | Stefani et al. [40] | 20 (R), 19 (L) | Potential biomarkers for T1R (CXCL10 and IL-6) and T2R (IL-6, IL-7, and PDGF-BB) were identified. |
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| 2007 | Belgaumkar et al. [26] | 94 (L), 5 (T1R), 1 (T2R) |
Levels of IFN-γ were higher in T1R, whereas the T2R individuals showed higher levels of IL-6 compared to the nonreactional states. |
| Iyer et al. [130] | 49 (R), 82 (L), 112 (NL) |
IFN-γ showed a greater association with the reactional states, mainly for T2R. | |
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| 2004 | Faber et al.∗ [131] | 7 (L) | It was not possible to establish a relationship between the serum profile of cytokines and T1R. |
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| 2002 | Teles et al. [39] | 9 (T1R), 16 (T2R) | TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in all individuals in a reactional state. |
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| 1998 | Moubasher et al. [64] | 55 (L), 35 (R) | Individuals with T1R and T2R had higher serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β than those in a nonreactional state. Higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 were noted in T1R and T2R, respectively. |
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| (b) Leprosy reaction, dental infection, and presence of inflammatory mediators in serum | |||
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| 2010 | Motta et al. [12] | 19 (L and OI), 19 (L without OI), 10 (C: NL and OI) |
It was observed that 78.8% of individuals with leprosy and OI presented erythema nodosum and 15.8% presented with a reverse reaction. Seven days after dental treatment, the serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly different between the groups. The IL-6 and IL-10 levels in Group C were higher than those in the group with L and OI. Clinical improvement of the reactional episode was noted after dental treatment in 68.4% (13/19) of individuals. |
Note. ∗Nonsignificant result; L, leprosy; T1R, type 1 reaction; T2R, type 2 reaction; C, control; NL, nonleprosy; R, reaction; OI, oral infection; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor two B (-BB) chain.