. 2015 Sep;105(9):e27–e34. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302741

TABLE 1—

Analyses of Communicable Disease Incidence by Census Tract–Level Poverty: New York City, 2006–2013

Disease^a	Cases,^b No.	Years in Study Period,^c No.	Cases Geocoded,^d %	Highest vs Lowest Poverty Level, IRR (95% CI)	P^e	Population Attributable Fraction	Cases Averted Annually,^f No.
Fecal–oral
Amebiasis	3 584	8	96	0.96 (0.87, 1.07)	.25	0.03	13
Campylobacteriosis	9 706	8	97	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	.61	0.06	71
Cryptosporidiosis	842	8	99	1.67 (1.38, 2.03)	< .001	0.22	23
Cyclosporiasis	140	8	100	0.31 (0.17, 0.55)	< .001	−0.51	−9
Giardiasis	6 958	8	98	0.88 (0.82, 0.94)	< .001	−0.05	−44
Hemolytic uremic syndrome	33	8	100	0.19 (0.06, 0.68)	.004	−0.34	−1
Listeriosis	289	8	95	1.12 (0.80, 1.58)	.55	0.06	2
Norovirus, laboratory-confirmed	233	6	87	1.26 (0.85, 1.88)	.24	0.07	3
Rotavirus, laboratory-confirmed	673	6	94	1.11 (0.88, 1.40)	.11	0.16	18
Salmonellosis	9 802	8	95	1.27 (1.20, 1.35)	< .001	0.11	136
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli	560	8	96	0.52 (0.41, 0.68)	< .001	−0.30	−21
Shigellosis	3 387	8	91	2.31 (2.08, 2.58)	< .001	0.40	169
Vibrio species (noncholera)	132	8	96	0.27 (0.14, 0.52)	< .001	−0.49	−8
Yersiniosis	161	8	88	0.79 (0.48, 1.29)	.23	−0.01	0
Hepatitidies
Hepatitis B, acute	707	8	95	1.94 (1.56, 2.41)	< .001	0.29	25
Hepatitis B, chronic^g	74 664	8	89	3.28 (3.20, 3.36)	< .001	0.52	4 829
Hepatitis C, acute	69	8	93	1.01 (0.46, 2.21)	.57	0.23	2
Hepatitis C, chronic^g	75 929	8	87	3.58 (3.50, 3.66)	< .001	0.45	4 294
International travel-associated
Dengue	684	8	94	1.54 (1.24, 1.92)	< .001	0.17	15
Hepatitis A^h	771	8	95	0.86 (0.68, 1.08)	.07	0.07	7
Malaria	1 695	8	93	3.48 (2.97, 4.08)	< .001	0.52	111
Paratyphoid fever	66	5	96	1.10 (0.48, 2.53)	.87	0.32	4
Typhoid fever	394	8	97	1.31 (0.94, 1.83)	.19	0.35	17
Zoonotic/vector-borne predominantly acquired in the United States
Anaplasmosis, human granulocytic	172	8	95	0.08 (0.03, 0.19)	< .001	−0.81	−17
Babesiosis	340	8	95	0.20 (0.13, 0.32)	< .001	−0.68	−29
Ehrlichiosis, human monocytic	82	8	99	0.10 (0.04, 0.29)	< .001	−0.66	−7
Lyme disease	10 763	8	91	0.34 (0.32, 0.36)	< .001	−0.59	−789
Rickettsialpox	134	8	94	3.69 (2.29, 5.95)	< .001	0.39	7
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	100	8	96	0.66 (0.38, 1.16)	.09	−0.26	−3
West Nile neuroinvasive disease	109	8	95	0.22 (0.09, 0.51)	< .001	−0.33	−4
Invasive bacterial
Group A Streptococcus	1 640	8	96	2.33 (2.03, 2.68)	< .001	0.30	61
Group B Streptococcus	343	8	97	2.29 (1.65, 3.18)	< .001	0.41	18
Neisseria meningitidis	218	8	96	2.02 (1.38, 2.97)	< .001	0.27	7
Haemophilus influenzae	877	8	91	1.81 (1.50, 2.18)	< .001	0.17	19
Streptococcus pneumoniae	5 717	7	95	2.61 (2.42, 2.81)	< .001	0.35	287
Respiratory
Influenza (laboratory-confirmed)	38 776	8	92	1.17 (1.14, 1.21)	< .001	0.05	227
Respiratory syncytial virus (laboratory-confirmed)	26 479	6	93	1.78 (1.71, 1.84)	< .001	0.28	1 237
Miscellaneous
Legionellosis	1 599	8	98	2.04 (1.79, 2.34)	< .001	0.24	47
Leprosy	50	8	88	1.84 (0.74, 4.55)	.47	0.48	3
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies	51	8	80	0.24 (0.07, 0.80)	.001	−0.49	−3
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus	56	6	88	2.51 (1.18, 5.35)	.02	0.30	3

Note. CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence rate ratio.

^{^a}

In addition to the 41 diseases in the table, an additional 12 diseases were examined, but the data were too sparse for presentation: anthrax; infant botulism; foodborne or other botulism; brucellosis; cholera; ehrlichiosis, not otherwise specified; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; leptospirosis; Q fever; trichinosis; toxic shock syndrome; and tularemia.

^{^b}

Number of cases excludes incarcerated individuals and patients not known to reside specifically in 1 of the 5 New York City boroughs (unless undomiciled).

^{^c}

Less than 8 years of data were included for those diseases that were not reportable at the start of the overall study period in 2006.

^{^d}

Undomiciled individuals were considered successfully geocoded. Cases that were geocoded to a census tract with missing poverty level were then excluded from analysis (n = 84).

^{^e}

P values determined by Cochran–Armitage test for trend.

^{^f}

Average number of annual cases that might be averted if all NYC residents lived in areas with < 10% of residents below the federal poverty threshold.

^{^g}

Chronic hepatitis B and C cases represent cases newly reported during the study period and should not be interpreted as incident cases.

^{^h}

Hepatitis A among New York City residents is predominantly acquired during international travel.¹⁸