TABLE 3—
Implicit and Explicit Sexual Orientation Attitudes Measures: Provider Type and Race and Ethnicity, Sexuality Implicit Association Test, May 2006–December 2012
| Implicit Toward Lesbian Women |
Implicit Toward Gay Men |
Explicit Toward Lesbian Women or Gay Men |
|||||||
| Characteristic | No. | Meana (SD) | Cohen db (95% CI) | No. | Meana (SD) | Cohen db (95% CI) | No. | Meanc (SD) | Cohen d (95% CI) |
| Medical doctor | |||||||||
| White | 780 | 0.21 (0.49) | 0.43 (0.40, 0.46) | 753 | 0.29 (0.47) | 0.62 (0.59, 0.65) | 1 542 | 0.44 (1.25) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.41) |
| Black/African American | 49 | 0.32 (0.47) | 0.68 (0.55, 0.81) | 55 | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.86 (0.73, 0.99) | 113 | 0.80 (1.3) | 0.62 (0.38, 0.86) |
| Asian | 138 | 0.40 (0.45) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | 158 | 0.38 (0.43) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 298 | 0.90 (1.31) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.84) |
| Hispanic | 83 | 0.25 (0.45) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.66) | 58 | 0.37 (0.38) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 148 | 0.37 (1.35) | 0.27 (0.05, 0.49) |
| Nurse | |||||||||
| White | 2 036 | 0.30 (0.47) | 0.64 (0.62, 0.66) | 1 976 | 0.43 (0.45) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | 4 053 | 0.55 (1.18) | 0.47 (0.43, 0.51) |
| Black/African American | 205 | 0.59 (0.45) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | 176 | 0.62 (0.40) | 1.55 (1.49, 1.61) | 390 | 1.26 (1.39) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.05) |
| Asian | 50 | 0.47 (0.42) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.24) | 72 | 0.45 (0.46) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 128 | 0.91 (1.35) | 0.67 (0.44, 0.90) |
| Hispanic | 129 | 0.33 (0.54) | 0.61 (0.52, 0.70) | 134 | 0.44 (0.41) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 267 | 0.65 (1.21) | 0.54 (0.39, 0.69) |
| Mental health provider | |||||||||
| White | 3 017 | 0.1 (0.48) | 0.21 (0.19, 0.23) | 2 985 | 0.28 (0.46) | 0.61 (0.59, 0.63) | 6 043 | 0.15 (1.08) | 0.14 (0.11, 0.17) |
| Black/African American | 380 | 0.43 (0.52) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 378 | 0.53 (0.46) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20) | 794 | 0.81 (1.41) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.67) |
| Asian | 102 | 0.08 (0.52) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.25) | 82 | 0.25 (0.45) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.66) | 185 | 0.05 (1.17) | 0.04 (0.13, 0.21) |
| Hispanic | 319 | 0.23 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.42, 0.52) | 308 | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.78) | 639 | 0.33 (1.18) | 0.28 (0.19, 0.37) |
| Other diagnostic providers | |||||||||
| White | 1 009 | 0.18 (0.49) | 0.37 (0.34, 0.40) | 934 | 0.3 (0.49) | 0.61 (0.58, 0.64) | 1 938 | 0.36 (1.17) | 0.31 (0.26, 0.36) |
| Black/African American | 44 | 0.32 (0.50) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.79) | 37 | 0.51 (0.39) | 1.31 (1.18, 1.44) | 83 | 0.69 (1.15) | 0.60 (0.35, 0.85) |
| Asian | 113 | 0.28 (0.49) | 0.57 (0.48, 0.66) | 127 | 0.33 (0.46) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.80) | 240 | 0.67 (1.18) | 0.57 (0.42, 0.72) |
| Hispanic | 64 | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.51 (0.41, 0.61) | 77 | 0.4 (0.47) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.95) | 153 | 0.52 (1.29) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.60) |
| Nonproviders | |||||||||
| White | 72 478 | 0.23 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.46, 0.46) | 72 073 | 0.36 (0.47) | 0.77 (0.77, 0.77) | 146 161 | 0.50 (1.26) | 0.40 (0.39, 0.41) |
| Black/African American | 7 337 | 0.49 (0.49) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 7 375 | 0.56 (0.46) | 1.22 (1.21, 1.23) | 15 135 | 0.97 (1.47) | 0.66 (0.64, 0.68) |
| Asian | 4 163 | 0.34 (0.48) | 0.71 (0.70, 0.72) | 4 119 | 0.40 (0.47) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 8 654 | 0.79 (1.39) | 0.57 (0.54, 0.60) |
| Hispanic | 8 591 | 0.31 (0.50) | 0.62 (0.61, 0.63) | 8 687 | 0.41 (0.47) | 0.87 (0.86, 0.88) | 17 718 | 0.61 (1.34) | 0.46 (0.44, 0.48) |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
Implicit and explicit measures range from −2 to +2, with zero indicating no bias. A positive mean indicates some degree of preference for heterosexual persons; a negative mean indicates some degree of preference for lesbian or gay persons.
Effect size: Cohen d is a standardized effect size, comparing the mean to mean = 0 (no bias), interpreted as d of 0.2 = small effect; d of 0.5 = medium effect; and d of 0.8 or greater = large effect.
Explicit measures range from −3 to +3, with zero indicating no bias. A positive mean indicates some degree of preference for heterosexual persons; a negative mean indicates some degree of preference for lesbian or gay persons.