Figure 3.

In a high-transmission setting, the proportion of the Plasmodium falciparum–specific CD4⁺ T-cell response is dominated by regulatory responses in children and inflammatory responses in adults. A, Proportional contribution of interferon γ (IFN-γ)–, interleukin 2 (IL-2)–, interleukin 10 (IL-10)–, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)–producing cells to the total P. falciparum–specific CD4⁺ T-cell response differed between children and adults in Nagongera. B, The overall composition of responding cells differed significantly between Nagongera children and adults (P < .0001, by the partial permutations test).