Table 1.

Prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) among 155 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected children with exposure to at least some antiretroviral prophylaxis

	n/N (%) with NNRTI mutations	p-value
Age when tested:
≤8 weeks	18/21 (85.7)
9–16 weeks	39/53 (73.6)
17–26 weeks	12/21 (57.1)
27–39 weeks	9/25 (36.0)
40–52 weeks	7/12 (58.3)
53–78 weeks	3/12 (25.0)
>78 weeks	0/11 (0.0)	<0.001
Sex:
Male	35/70 (50.0)
Female	53/85 (62.4)	0.12
Plasma HIV RNA (copies/ml):
≤100,000	11/16 (68.8)
100,001 – 1,000,000	26/52 (50.0)
1,000,000 – 10,000,000	35/61 (57.4)
>10,000,000	9/13 (69.2)	0.43
CD4%:
<15	25/42 (59.5)
15–25	22/47 (46.8)
≥ 25	36/59 (61.0)	0.30
Any breastfeeding:
Yes	27/53 (50.9)
No	60/100 (60.0)	0.28
Maternal antiretroviral regimen:
cART§	24/28 (85.7)	<0.001*
Zidovudine/nevirapine	34/78 (43.6)
Zidovudine alone	17/23 (73.9)
Nevirapine alone	5/9 (55.5)
None	8/17 (47.1)
Infant prophylaxis:
Nevirapine alone (1)	83/129 (64.3)
Zidovudine/nevirapine (2)	4/21 (19.0)	<0.001**
Zidovudine alone	0/1
None	1/4 (25.0)
Duration of infant nevirapine prophylaxis:***
<4 weeks	7/22 (31.8)
4–5 weeks	13/24 (54.2)
6 weeks	48/76 (63.2)
>6 weeks	11/15 (73.3)	0.04

^§14 women received efavirenz-based, 11 women nevirapine-based and 3 women ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based therapy.

^*compares cART to all other groups combined.

^**compares groups 1 and 2; association is attenuated (p=0.18) if adjusted for child age when tested.

^***excludes 13/150 children with nevirapine exposure who were missing duration data; association is attenuated (p=0.08) if adjusted for child age when tested.