Table 5.
Estimation of the determinants of urban sprawl indices (GLS random effects).
| Dependent variables : Ln(Scatt) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Constant | 3.168 (5.40)** | 3.823 (8.75)** | 2.731 (1.39) | 3.732 (1.34) |
| Ln(POP) | −0.315 (7.86)** | −0.318 (7.84)** | −0.237 (4.94)** | −0.250 (5.24)** |
| Ln(GDPcap) | −0.124 (2.98)** | −0.188 (10.60)** | −0.035 (1.59) | −0.164 (8.20)** |
| Ln(Agriprox) | −0.141 (4.22)** | −0.144 (4.15)* | −0.067 (1.57) | −0.069 (2.01)* |
| Ln(Highway) | −0.015 (1.51) | −0.019 (1.59) | −0.047 (1.54) | −0.045 (1.72) |
| Ln(Crime) | 0.218 (1.68) | 0.236 (1.71) | ||
| Ln(Rain) | −0.208 (1.015) | −0.203 (0.92) | ||
| Ln(Temperature) | 0.048 (0.083) | 0.020 (0.03) | ||
| L(AccessAir) | −0.153 (0.763) | −0.102 (0.48) | ||
| Ln(NO2) | −0.422 (2.69)* | −0.401 (2.39)* | ||
| Ln(CineSeats) | −0.017 (0.16) | −0.014 (0.13) | ||
| Ln(MedAlt) | 0.241 (5.76)** | 0.243 (5.44)** | ||
| S | 0.135 (0.40) | 0.139 (0.39) | ||
| W | −0.169 (0.76) | −0.183 (0.77) | ||
| E | −0.07 (0.27) | −0.15 (0.53) | ||
| Year dummies | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Obs. | 654 | 654 | 433 | 433 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
| LM test (p-value) | 451.21 (0.000) | 453.75 (0.000) | 216.09 (0.000) | 287.03 (0.000) |
| Hausman FE-RE (p-value) | 1.698 (0.782) | 1.327 (0.515) | 3.326 (0.504) | 0.502 (0.777) |
Notes: Absolute values of t-statistics in parentheses; * significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%. LM test is the Chi-squared of the Breusch-Pagan test comparing the pooled and random-effects estimators. Hausman FE-RE is the Chi-squared of the Hausman test comparing the fixed-effects and random-effects estimators. p-value is the p-value of tests.