PBMCs were isolated from healthy controls (HC, n = 50) and patients with schistosomiasis japonica (Sj, n = 50) and analyzed. (A) Gating schemes for analysis of the percentages of total peripheral memory Tfh (CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CXCR5+) and activated peripheral memory Tfh cells (PD-1+ICOS+ Tfh cells). PBMCs were stained with CD3, CD4, CD45RA, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS antibodies. Gating strategy defining total peripheral memory Tfh cells (R3), activated peripheral memory Tfh cells (R4); (B,C) Percentages of T cells (B) and CD4+ T cells (C) in total lymphocytes; (D-H) Representative flow cytometry data plots and statistics show the total peripheral memory Tfh cells (D, E), activated peripheral memory Tfh cells (F, G, H); (I) Representative flow cytometry profiles indicating the expression of GATA-3 in total Tfh cells. All flow cytometry results were analyzed and plotted using Fluorescence Minus One controls (FMO). *P<0.05, **P<0.01. ***P<0.001, NS indicating not significant.