Table 2.

List of insulin signaling pathway primers for qPCR

Gene Symbol	Primer sequences Forward / Reverse	Product Size (bp)
INSR	F:5′-TTCACTGGCAATCGCATTGAGCTG-3′	137 bp
	R:5′-TCATGGGTCACAGGGCCAATGATA-3′
IRS	F:5′-AGGAAGTTTGGCAGGTGATCCTGA-3′	200 bp
	R:5′-ACGGCCCACTTCGATGAAGAAGAA-3′
PIP3	F:5′-CTTTGCAGAGCTTGACCCAGAT-3′	100 bp
	R:5′-GAGCTTGTGGGCTTGCCTTCATTT-3′
PDK1	F:5′-GGAAACCCTTGGCACCAGTTTGTA-3′	183 bp
	R:5′-TCGGAGTTCTTGTGACCACGGAAT-3′
Akt	F:5′-AGAAGCTCTTCGAGCTCATCCTCA-3′	148 bp
	R:5′-TGCATGATCTCCTTGGCATCCTCA-3′
FOXO1	F:5′-TCCCACACAGTGTCAAGACAACGA-3′	118 bp
	R:5′-ACTGCTTCTCTCAGTTCCTGCTGT-3′
PDE3	F:5′-CCTGCAGAACCACAAGATGTGGAA-3′	190 bp
	R:5′-TCACTGGTTTGGCTTTGGTGTTGG-3′

INSR, insulin receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; Akt, protein kinase B; FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1; PDE3, cGMP-inhibited 3’,5’-cyclic phosphodiesterase.