Table 1. Influence of HuR upon target mRNAs involved in disease processes.
Listed are HuR target mRNAs encoding proteins linked to disease (column 1), the influence of HuR on mRNA stability and/or translation [enhanced (↑) or reduced, (↓), column 2], the cellular processes affected by the HuR-mRNA interactions (column 3), and the cell model or disease model in which [HuR-mRNA] regulation has been studied (column 4).
| HuR target | Influence of HuR | Processes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA | on mRNA | Regulated | Cell/Disease Model | References |
| c-Fos | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Oral squamous carcinoma | (109) |
| c-Myc | ↓ Translation | Proliferation, survival | Cervical carcinoma | (31) |
| p21 | ↑ Stability | Proliferation, survival | Carcinoma (breast, colon) | (68, 69) |
| p27 | ↓ Translation | Proliferation, survival | Cervical carcinoma | (28) |
| cyclin A2 | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Proliferation | Carcinoma (colon, gastric, oral) | (66, 107, 109) |
| cyclin B1 | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Oral carcinoma | (109) |
| cyclin E1 | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Breast carcinoma | (86) |
| cyclin D1 | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Carcinoma (oral, colon) | (109, 24) |
| OSM | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Lymphoma | (117) |
| eIF4E | ↑ Stability | Proliferation, survival | Pharyngeal carcinoma | (67) |
| EGF | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | Prostate carcinoma | (98) |
| VEGF | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Angiogenesis, proliferation | Carcinoma (colon, non-small cell lung, kidney, pancreatic, prostate), glioma, meningioma, astrocytoma, ischemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) | (59, 63, 102, 104, 105, 150, 154,155, 168) |
| HIF-1α | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Angiogenesis, survival | Cervical carcinoma, ischemia | (70, 150) |
| COX-2 | ↑ Stability | Angiogenesis, survival, inflammation | Carcinoma (colon, ovarian, gastric, oral, prostate), central nervous system malignancies, rheumatoid cartilage, osteoarthritic cartilage, inflammatory, bowel disease | (63, 64, 93–95, 97, 100, 106, 109) |
| iNOS | ↑ Stability | Angiogenesis, survival, inflammation | Colon carcinoma, muscle wasting | (121, 123) |
| TSP1* | ↑ Translation | Angiogenesis | Breast carcinoma | (73) |
| TGF-β | ↑ (n.d.) | Immunity, inflammation | Tumors of the central nervous system | (63) |
| MKP-1 | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Signaling, immunity | Cervical carcinoma | (74) |
| Mdm2 | ↑ Stability | Survival | Intestinal epithelium function | (170) |
| SIRT1 | ↑ Stability | Survival, stem cell development | Carcinoma (cervical, prostate) | (56, 97) |
| Bcl-2 | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Survival | Carcinoma (cervical, prostate, epidermoid), leukemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury | (71, 72, 151) |
| Mcl-1 | ↑ (n.d.) | Survival | Cervical carcinoma | (71) |
| XIAP | ↑ Translation | Survival | Untransformed cells | (24) |
| Cyto c | ↑ Translation | Survival | Cervical carcinoma | (27) |
| uPA | ↑ Stability | Invasion, migration | Breast carcinoma | (80) |
| uPAR | ↑ Stability | Invasion, migration | Breast carcinoma | (80) |
| MMP-9 | ↑ Stability | Invasion | Fibrosarcoma, myeloid leukemia, fibrosis, left ventricular function and remodeling | (81, 82, 128) |
| Snail | ↑ Stability | Invasion | Breast carcinoma | (83) |
| dCK | ↑ (n.d.) | Chemotherapy | Pancreatic carcinoma | (92) |
| ARHI/DRAS3* | ↑ Stability | Tumor suppression | Ovarian carcinoma | (94) |
| p53 | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
Tumor suppression | Carcinoma (cervical, gastric, liver, colon), intestinal epithelium function, myocardial infarction | (25, 171) |
| pVHL | ↑ Stability | Tumor suppression | VHL syndrome, kidney carcinoma | (40, 173) |
| BRCA1 | (↓) n.d. | Tumor suppression | Breast carcinoma | (174) |
| ER | ↑ Stability | Tumorigenesis | Breast carcinoma | (175) |
| Wnt5a | ↓ Translation | Tumorigenesis | Breast carcinoma | (90) |
| c-Fms | ↑ Stability | Tumorigenesis | Breast carcinoma | (87) |
| GATA3 | ↑ Stability | Tumorigenesis | Breast carcinoma | (176) |
| GM-CSF | ↑ Stability | Inflammation, immunity | Asthma, T cell activation, atherogenesis | (115, 138) |
| TNF-α | ↑ Stability | Inflammation, immunity | Muscle wasting, malignant glioma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis | (63, 115, 135) |
| TM | ↓ Translation | Inflammation | Sepsis | (30) |
| RGS4 | ↑ Stability | Inflammation | Smooth muscle contraction, cardiac development | (119) |
| TLR4 | ↑ Stability | Inflammation, immunity | Vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia | (139) |
| IL-6 | ↑ Stability | Inflammation, immunity | Tumors of the central nervous system, viral infection, atherosclerosis | (63, 111, 113) |
| IL-8 | ↑ Stability | Inflammation, immunity | Carcinoma (breast, colon, gastric), glioma | (63, 64, 89) |
| IL-13 | ↑ Stability | Inflammation | Allergy | (132) |
| SMN | ↑ Stability | Neuropathology | Spinal muscle atrophy | (156) |
| SH2D1A | ↑ Stability | Proliferation | X-linked lymphoproliferative disease | (163) |
| NF1 | ↑ Stability | Signaling | Neurofibromatosis | (153) |
| PROX1 | ↑ Stability | Endothelial differentiation | Kaposi’s sarcoma | (143) |
| Eotaxin | ↑ Stability | Inflammation | Asthma | (118) |
| ProTα | ↑ Translation | Tumorigenesis | Cervical carcinoma | (177) |
| IGF-1R | ↓ Translation | Proliferation | Breast carcinoma | (29) |
| HuR | ↑ Stability ↑ Translation |
(above processes) | (above cell/disease models) | (3, 34, 35) |
In column 1, * indicates mRNAs whose regulation by HuR primarily involves dissociation of HuR from the mRNA. See text for further details.