Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 17.
Published in final edited form as: Acc Chem Res. 2015 Jan 30;48(2):286–294. doi: 10.1021/ar500362y

Table 1.

Representative Isotopes Suitable for PET Imaging and Their Physical Properties

isotope half-life radiation energy (keV) NP labeling strategy
13N 9.97 min β+ (100%) 1200 Al2O3,11 direct bombardment of nanoparticles
68Ga 67.7 min β+ (89%) 770, 1890 coordination via a chelator12
18F 109.8 min β+ (97%) 634 Al2O3,13 direct bombardment of nanoparticles
NaYF4:Gd, Yb, Er14 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling
64Cu 12.7 h β+ (18%) 579, 656 coordination via a chelator15
CuS,16 Fe3O4,17 Au18 radioactive precursor
CdSe/ZnS,19 Au20 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling
72As 26 h β+ (77%) 3430 Fe3O421 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling
89Zr 78.4 h β+ (23%) 908 coordination via a chelator22