Table 1.
isotope | half-life | radiation | energy (keV) | NP labeling strategy |
---|---|---|---|---|
13N | 9.97 min | β+ (100%) | 1200 | Al2O3,11 direct bombardment of nanoparticles |
68Ga | 67.7 min | β+ (89%) | 770, 1890 | coordination via a chelator12 |
18F | 109.8 min | β+ (97%) | 634 | Al2O3,13 direct bombardment of nanoparticles NaYF4:Gd, Yb, Er14 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling |
64Cu | 12.7 h | β+ (18%) | 579, 656 | coordination via a chelator15 CuS,16 Fe3O4,17 Au18 radioactive precursor CdSe/ZnS,19 Au20 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling |
72As | 26 h | β+ (77%) | 3430 | Fe3O421 chelator-free postsynthetic labeling |
89Zr | 78.4 h | β+ (23%) | 908 | coordination via a chelator22 |