Table 2. Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for MDR-TB in patients with COPD.
| Non-MDR-TB | MDR-TB | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | N = 230 | N = 38 | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 195(84.8) | 32(84.2) | Reference | |||
| Female | 35(15.2) | 6(15.8) | 1.05(0.41–2.68) | 1.000 | ||
| Age | 62.9±13.9 | 59.2±19.2 | 0.088 | |||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Others | 70(30.4) | 14(36.8) | 1.33(0.65–2.73) | 0.453 | ||
| Carder | 4(1.7) | 1(2.6) | 1.53(0.17–14.04) | 0.537 | ||
| Worker | 36(15.7) | 7(18.4) | 1.22(0.50–2.98) | 0.812 | ||
| Farmer | 120(52.2) | 16(42.1) | 0.67(0.33–1.33) | 0.295 | ||
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 120(52.2) | 18(47.4) | Reference | |||
| Urban | 110(47.8) | 20(52.6) | 1.21(0.61–2.41) | 0.604 | ||
| Migrant | 37(16.1) | 16(41.0) | 3.63(1.75–7.52) | 0.001 | 1.32(1.02–1.72) | 0.038 |
| BMI | 19.2±2.6 | 18.1±2.9 | 0.99(0.97–1.01) | 0.346 | ||
| Excess alcohol consumption a | 54(23.5) | 12(31.6) | 1.50(0.71–3.18) | 0.311 | ||
| Current or former Smokers | 182(79.1) | 36(94.7) | 4.75(1.10–20.42) | 0.023 | ||
| TB contact b | 24(10.4) | 2(5.3) | 0.48(0.11–2.11) | 0.552 | ||
| Re-treatment case | 64(27.8) | 22(57.9) | 3.57(1.76–7.22) | <0.001 | 4.58(1.69–12.42) | 0.003 |
| Chest radiology | ||||||
| Cavity | 144(62.6) | 32(84.2) | 3.19(1.28–7.93) | 0.009 | 2.33(1.14–4.75) | 0.008 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hepatic cirrhosis | 1(0.4) | 1(2.6) | 6.19(0.38–101.12) | 0.264 | ||
| Hypoalbuminemia | 108(47.0) | 26(68.4) | 2.45(1.18–5.09) | 0.022 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 8(3.5) | 0(0) | 0.85(0.81–0.90) | 0.606 | ||
| Cardio-cerebrovascular disease | 10(4.3) | 4(10.5) | 2.59(0.77–8.72) | 0.120 | ||
| Diabetes | 122(53.0) | 26(68.4) | 1.92(0.92–3.99) | 0.082 | ||
| Hypertension | 22(9.6) | 6(15.8) | 1.77(0.67–4.71) | 0.254 | ||
| Gastric ulcer | 10(4.3) | 2(5.3) | 1.22(0.26–5.81) | 1.000 | ||
| Combined extra-pulmonary TB | 46(20.0) | 12(31.6) | 1.85(0.87–3.93) | 0.135 | ||
| COPD, GOLD stage c | 0.016 | 1.86(1.01–2.93) | 0.041 | |||
| Mild | 61(26.5) | 4(10.5) | ||||
| Moderate | 93(40.4) | 16(42.1) | ||||
| Severe | 64(20.0) | 12(31.6) | ||||
| Very severe | 12(5.2) | 6(15.8) | ||||
| Inhalation corticosteroids treatment d | 82(35.7) | 14(36.8) | 1.05(0.52–2.15) | 1.000 | ||
| Duration of COPD (years) | 8.32±7.93 | 9.29±8.43 | 0.99(0.98–1.01) | 0.849 | ||
| Duration of TB diagnostic delay (days) | 46.8±31.9 | 50.3±27.2 | 1.10(0.67–1.82) | 0.355 | ||
| Ever hospitalization in two years e | 28(12.2) | 16(42.1) | 5.25(2.47–11.17) | <0.001 | ||
Abbreviation: MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
Note:
a Excess alcohol consumption means more than 2 standard alcohol beverages per day.
b TB contact was defined as a household member or colleague with TB.
c In all patients post-bronchodilator forced expired volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) was<0.7. Mild, FEV1 predicted<80%; moderate, 50%≤FEV1 predicted<80%; severe, 30% ≤FEV1 predicted<50%; very severe, FEV1 predicted≤30%.
d Treatment duration of inhalation corticosteroids more than 2 months.
eEver hospitalised in two years was due to an exacerbation of COPD.