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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2014 Dec 10;73:69–76. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.002

Table 3.

Difference in cortical section modulus Z-score between obese and non-obese participants unadjusted, and adjusted separately for each variable potentially contributing to differences between groups.

Adjustment variable Difference (95% CI) in section modulus Z-score between obese and non-obese participants p-value for obese vs. non-obese difference Percent change in obesity point estimate with adjustment
None 1.07 (0.81 to 1.33) <0.0001 Not applicable
Calf muscle area Z-score 0.28 (−0.01 to 0.57) 0.06 −74%
Puberty 1.05 (0.78 to 1.33) <0.0001 −1.8%
Advanced skeletal maturity 0.83 (0.53 to 1.13) <0.0001 −22.6%
Muscle strength Z-score 0.81 (0.55 to 1.07) <0.0001 −24.7%
Moderate to vigorous physical activity 1.12 (0.82 to 1.42) <0.0001 +16.7%a
Total physical activity 0.93 (0.66 to 1.21) <0.0001 −3.1%a
Calcium intake 1.13 (0.86 to 1.39) <0.0001 +4.9%
hsCRP concentration 1.15 (0.85 to 1.45) <0.0001 +7.1%
25(OH)vitamin D concentration 1.03 (0.76 to 1.31) <0.0001 −3.6%
a

Comparison with unadjusted obesity point estimate of 0.96 among 125 participants with accelerometer data