Table 2.

Univariate associations of renal bladder ultrasound findings with abnormal VCUG, among 2259 children with both imaging studies.

		Threshold A			Threshold B			Threshold C
Factor	N (%)	OR	P-value	AUROC	OR	P-value	AUROC	OR	P-value	AUROC
Any RBUS abnormality (vs none)	565 (25.0%)	1.33	0.0032	0.53	2.01	<0.0001	0.57	4.03	<0.0001	0.66
Renal dilationa
Any present (vs absent)	338 (15.0%)	1.36	0.0086	0.52	2.32	<0.0001	0.56	4.67	<0.0001	0.64
Categorized by severity
None (reference)	1927 (85.3%)	–	–	0.52	–	–	0.56	–	–	0.63
Mild (vs reference)	300 (13.3%)	1.30	0.0325	0.52	2.12	<0.0001	0.56	3.57	<0.0001	0.63
Mild-moderate (vs reference)	13 (0.6%)	1.18	0.7674	0.52	2.36	0.1346	0.56	6.58	0.0048	0.63
Moderate (vs reference)	9 (0.4%)	2.75	0.1531	0.52	4.71	0.0213	0.56	17.55	<0.0001	0.63
Moderate-severe (vs reference)	9 (0.4%)	1.72	0.4199	0.52	4.71	0.0213	0.56	17.55	<0.0001	0.63
Ureter dilation
Any Present (vs absent)	91 (4.0%)	1.43	0.0967	0.51	2.97	<0.0001	0.53	7.41	<0.0001	0.58
Categorized by severity
None (reference)	2181 (96.5%)	–	–	0.51	–	–	0.52	–	–	0.57
Mild (vs reference)	44 (1.9%)	1.46	0.2149	0.51	2.86	0.0006	0.52	6.74	<0.0001	0.57
Mild-moderate (vs reference)	9 (0.4%)	1.07	0.9241	0.51	2.75	0.1332	0.52	8.98	0.0021	0.57
Moderate (vs reference)	11 (0.5%)	0.76	0.6645	0.51	1.29	0.7099	0.52	1.80	0.5780	0.57
Moderate-severe (vs reference)	5 (0.2%)	5.33	0.1347	0.51	13.73	0.0192	0.52	71.86	0.0001	0.57
Severe (vs reference)	1 (0.0%)	>100	0.9684	0.51	>100	0.9661	0.52	>100	0.9755	0.57
Parenchymal abnormality
Present (vs absent)	244 (10.8%)	1.61	0.0005	0.52	2.10	<0.0001	0.54	2.75	<0.0001	0.57
Dysplasia (vs none)	29 (1.3%)	1.88	0.0959	0.50	2.71	0.0082	0.51	6.20	<0.0001	0.52
Cysts (vs none)	16 (0.7%)	1.02	0.9619	0.50	1.49	0.4579	0.50	2.23	0.2918	0.50
Atrophy or size discrepancy (vs none)	90 (4.0%)	1.16	0.4935	0.50	1.35	0.2085	0.51	2.26	0.0150	0.52
Solitary kidney (vs none)	1 (0.0%)	0.00	0.9698	0.50	0.00	0.9720	0.50	0.00	0.9839	0.50
Duplication (vs none)	80 (3.5%)	2.03	0.0024	0.51	2.39	0.0002	0.52	2.03	0.0525	0.52
Renal ectopia (vs none)	9 (0.4%)	0.37	0.2218	0.50	0.94	0.9349	0.50	0.00	0.9789	0.50
Kidney stone (vs none)	4 (0.2%)	3.96	0.2336	0.50	9.89	0.0474	0.50	0.00	0.9786	0.50
Urothelial thickening (vs none)	42 (1.9%)	3.80	0.0002	0.51	5.01	<0.0001	0.52	5.89	<0.0001	0.53
Bladder abnormality
Present vs absent	62 (2.7%)	1.99	0.0089	0.51	1.98	0.0110	0.51	5.43	<0.0001	0.54
Bladder wall thickening (vs none)	21 (0.9%)	2.16	0.0889	0.50	1.31	0.5729	0.50	3.72	0.0195	0.51
Ureterocele (vs none)	4 (0.2%)	1.32	0.7829	0.50	3.29	0.2346	0.50	15.70	0.0061	0.51
Trabeculation (vs none)	5 (0.2%)	5.29	0.1367	0.50	4.94	0.0806	0.50	10.46	0.0105	0.51
Debris (vs none)	36 (1.6%)	1.86	0.0680	0.50	2.38	0.0111	0.51	5.46	<0.0001	0.53

^aCases where the report identified “fullness” of the collecting system or “extra-renal pelvis” were classified as “mild” dilation

Thresholds for “positive” VCUG:

Threshold A: any degree of VUR, or bladder diverticulum, trabeculation, ureterocele, or urethral abnormalities; Threshold B: VUR > grade II, or bladder diverticulum, trabeculation, ureterocele, or urethral abnormalities; Threshold C: VUR > grade III, or bladder diverticulum, trabeculation, ureterocele, or urethral abnormalities.

P-values <0.05 are in bold.

AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; RBUS, renal bladder ultrasound;