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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 7.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Jun 9;44(17):6258–6286. doi: 10.1039/c4cs00511b

Figure 11.

Figure 11

Soil- and seed-targeted delivery of nanomedicines for battling the pre-metastasis in the early stage of metastases. Besides targeting the seeds (DTCs) through optimized immuno-mediated recognition (Table 2), nanomedicines can be engineered to simultaneously target and destroy the soil (the pre-metastatic niche, PMN) by various routes including the repolarization of TAMs, the immunomodulation of stromal cells, the inhibition of MMPs, anti-angiogenesis and anti-lymphangiogenesis, where the synergistic therapy via the co-delivery of multi-drugs is applicable.