Table 4. Various lifestyle independent variables and mean bone density in the 350 subjects.
Variable | BMD (M± SD), (g/cm2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (25–30 yrs) | Group 2 (31–45 yrs) | |||
Men, n=100 | Women, n=86 | Men, n=60 | Women, n=104 | |
Milk consumption | ||||
Low ( <3 packs/week) | 1.86 ± 0.11 (n=25) | 1.74 ± 0.15 (n=45) | 1.68 ± 0.14 (n=15) | 1.56 ± 0.18 (n=35) |
Moderate (3–6 packs/week)** | 1.98 ± 0.12 (n=65) | 1.89 ± 0.16 (n=35) | 1.83 ± 0.16 (n=25) | 1.82 ± 0.15 (n=65) |
High (≥6 packs/week) | 1.76 ± 0.13 (n=10) | 1.67 ± 0.14 (n=6) | 1.67 ± 0.17 (n=20) | 1.64 ± 0.12 (n=4) |
Daily coffee / tea consumption, cups | ||||
<3 cups** | 1.98 ± 0.13 (n=72) | 1.87 ± 0.11 (n=65) | 1.91 ± 0.17 (n=45) | 1.78 ± 0.11 (n=85) |
3–4 cups | 1.78 ± 0.15 (n=25) | 1.69 ± 0.12 (n=15) | 1.78 ± 0.13 (n=11) | 1.66 ± 0.12 (n=13) |
≥ 5 cups | 1.65 ± 0.18 (n=23) | 1.56 ± 0.13 (n=6) | 1.67 ± 0.152 (n=4) | 1.46 ± 0.09 (n=6) |
Carbonated beverage intake | ||||
Normal (<3 cups/week) ** | 2.0 ± 0.11 (n=85) | 1.81 ± 0.12 (n=75) | 1.96 ± 0.13 (n=55) | 1.75 ± 0.10 (n=80) |
High (≥3 cups/week) | 1.75 ± 0.15 (n=15) | 1.67 ± 0.16 (n=11) | 1.76 ± 0.12 (n=5) | 1.60 ± 0.11 (n=24) |
Calcium intake ** | ||||
Low (<500 mg/day) | 1.86 ± 0.14 (n=12) | 1.85 ± 42.1 (n=7) | 1.87 ± 0.15 (n=10) | 1.78 ± 0.12 (n=35) |
Moderate (500–900 mg/day) | 1.98 ± 0.18 (n=80) | 1.89 ± 0.15 (n=70) | 1.88 ± 0.11 (n=42) | 1.83 ± 0.08 (n=60) |
High (> 900 mg/day) | 1.93 ± 0.15 (n=8) | 1.83 ±0.17 (n=9) | 1.86 ± 0.14 (n=8) | 1.81 ± 0.11 (n=9) |
Smokes daily ** | ||||
No | 2.1 ± 0.14 (n=90) | 1.85 ± 0.13 (n=84) | 1.95 ± 0.17 (n=55) | 1.75 ± 0.17 (n=98) |
Yes | 1.79 ± 0.13 (n=10) | 1.68 ± 0.15 (n=2) | 1.82 ± 0.13 (n=5) | 1.63 ± 0.14 (n=6) |
Physical activity level | ||||
Low (< 600 MET – min/week) | 1.9 ± 0.15 (n=10) | 1.76 ± 0.15 (n=6) | 1.7 ± 0.11 (n=10) | 1.5 ± 0.12 (n=12) |
Moderate (≥ 600 MET– min/week) ** | 2.99 ± 0.17 (n=75) | 1.89 ± 0.12 (n=75) | 1.90 ± 0.15 (n=35) | 1.86 ± 0.15 (n=73) |
High (≥ 3,000 MET – min/week) ** | 3.2 ± 0.19 (n=15) | 1.95 ± 0.13 (n=5) | 1.97 ± 0.10 (n=15) | 1.92 ± 0.12 (n=19) |
BMD: bone mineral density (g/cm2), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.