Table 5.
Means (± standard deviation) of relative activation time for each muscle in each starting phase for both backstroke start variants.
| Variant | Variable | Phase | Biceps Brachii | Triceps Brachii | Tibialis Anterior | Gastrocnemius Medialis | Rectus Femoris | Biceps Femoris |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper limbs horizontally positioned | Active IEMG (%CIVM) | Hands-off | 90.63(12.43) | 73.47 (23.91) | 74.91 (15.48) | 53.50 (14.35) | 53.71 (17.23) | 86.86 (11.76) |
| Take-off | 95.14 (10.28) | 72.76 (17.59) | 83.77 (15.98) | 89.46 (13.41) | 86.34 (13.08) | 90.68 (12.00) | ||
| Flight | 95.59 (12.18) | 55.39 (20.90) | 68.46 (14.55) | 79.76 (21.01) | 72.42 (19.48) | 87.77 (14.52) | ||
| Entry | 90.84 (19.54) | 64.56 (13.22) | 65.45 (15.49) | 69.22 (21.59) | 71.93 (19.88) | 88.75 (11.13) | ||
| Upper limbs vertically positioned | Hands-off | 94.84 (9.87) | 64.83 (27.95) | 71.29 (19.45) | 54.05 (16.60) | 50.96 (21.63) | 92.86 (7.33) | |
| Take-off | 97.51 (3.86) | 73.15 (23.71) | 84.45 (22.83) | 93.31 (6.24) | 85.16 (14.87) | 94.24 (10.11) | ||
| Flight | 91.81 (11.35) | 52.23 (24.83) | 59.70 (26.92) | 82.37 (21.59) | 73.72 (16.70) | 91.12 (11.43) | ||
| Entry | 91.06 (13.44) | 55.82 (27.44) | 65.03 (17.99) | 75.14 (15.88) | 80.13 (15.32) | 89.42 (9.17) |