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. 2014 Sep 6;123(2):519–547. doi: 10.1007/s11205-014-0747-y

Table 8.

National culture and SWB (Hofstede culture index)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
OLS GMM
GDP (GDP)

0.061***

(3.14)

0.163***

(9.31)

0.067***

(3.82)

0.072***

(4.49)

0.050***

(2.99)

0.039**

(2.24)

0.163***

(12.27)

0.101***

(5.95)

0.057***

(3.80)

0.031**

(2.05)
GDP growth rate (GDPRATE)

1.919

(1.10)

−3.497*

(−1.84)

1.899

(1.08)

1.714

(0.98)

0.454

(0.26)

3.324*

(1.94)

−3.676**

(−2.12)

3.616**

(2.14)

3.121*

(1.90)

2.540

(1.61)
Education (EDU)

0.045

(0.22)

−0.270

(−1.47)

−0.002

(−0.01)

−0.256

(−1.29)

−0.194

(−1.06)

−0.295

(−1.60)

−0.390***

(−3.42)

−0.519***

(−2.59)

−0.582***

(−3.09)

−0.378**

(−2.27)
Human rights (RIGHTS)

−0.021

(−0.56)

0.541***

(7.40)

−0.023

(−0.59)

0.032

(0.78)

0.023

(0.60)

−0.020

(−0.56)

0.505***

(9.17)

−0.033

(−0.96)

−0.022

(−0.63)

−0.052

(−1.58)
Population density (POP)

−0.648*

(−1.94)

−3.840***

(−9.62)

−0.631*

(−1.96)

−0.417

(−1.32)

0.103

(0.34)

−0.278

(−1.00)

−3.791***

(−15.85)

−0.600**

(−2.04)

−0.274

(−0.99)

0.256

(0.89)
Social comparison of income (SCI)

0.417***

(6.98)

1.288***

(12.07)

0.416***

(7.12)

0.373***

(6.06)

0.452***

(7.73)

0.464***

(8.18)

1.253***

(17.23)

0.525***

(10.44)

0.404***

(6.69)

0.468***

(9.14)
H-IND

0.002

(0.06)

0.089***

(3.67)
H-Long

0.291***

(7.06)

0.246***

(10.68)
H-MAS

−0.016

(−0.94)

−0.071***

(−3.92)
H-PDI

−0.169***

(−6.20)

−0.217***

(−4.56)
H-UAI

−0.167***

(−11.97)

−0.126***

(−5.87)
Constant

−0.821

(−1.15)

−11.897***

(−8.41)

−0.691

(−0.91)

0.112

(0.14)

−0.375

(−0.50)

−1.700***

(−2.64)

−11.145***

(−11.67)

−1.143*

(−1.76)

0.432

(0.53)

−0.303

(−0.45)
N 442 204 442 442 442 442 204 442 442 442
R2 0.304 0.640 0.305 0.349 0.397 0.272 0.632 0.279 0.319 0.373
adj-R2 0.293 0.627 0.293 0.339 0.387 0.260 0.619 0.268 0.308 0.363

The t statistics are in parentheses

***, **, * Significance at 1, 5, and 10 %, respectively