Table 2.
Collection of exemplary standards for medical pressure analysis. ICP, intra-cranial pressure; AAMI, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation; ERS, European Respiratory Society; ATS, American Thoracic Society.
| Area (Technique) | Body Part | Min. Pressure | Max. Pressure | Pressure Resolution | Sampling (Frequency) | Additional | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiology (BP Monitoring) | Heart, Veins, Arteries | –4 kPa (–30 mmHg) | 40 kPa (300 mmHg) | 13 Pa (0.1 mmHg) | 200 Hz | Volume restricted | AAMI BP22 [21] |
| Urology (Cystometry) | Bladder, Abdomen | 0 Pa (0 cmH2O) | 25 kPa (250 cmH2O) | 50 Pa (0.5 cmH2O) | 10 Hz | Differential measurement | Schaefer *1 [28] and [29–31] |
| Neurology (ICP Monitoring) | Brain, Skull, Dural Tissue | 0 Pa (0 mmHg) | 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) | 260 Pa (2 mmHg) | - | Sterilization | AAMI NS28 [32], Andrew et al. [33] |
| Pulmonology (Transpulmonary) | Respiratory Tract, Lungs | –10 kPa (–100 cmH2O) | 15 kPa (150 cmH2O) | 2–40 Pa (4 mmH2O) | 200 Hz (10 Hz) | Temperature, humidity | ERS/ATS [34,35] Bensenor [36] |
| Gastroenterology (Manometry) | Stomach, Colon | 0 Pa (0 mmHg) | 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) | - | 8 Hz | Multi probes (6 or more) | RAO et al. [37] Cross-Adame [38] |
| Ophthalmology (Tonometry) | Eyes | 0 Pa (0 cmH2O) | 8 kPa (60 mmHg) | 13 Pa (0.1 mmHg) | 100 Hz | Volume restricted | Weinreb [39] ISO 8612 [40] |
| Rheumatology | Muscle, Bones, Spine | 0 kN *2 | 3 kN *2 | - | - | High pressure | ISO 14242-2 [41] |
| Cancer Treatment (Ablation) | Full Body | 0 kPa *3 | 200 kPa *3 | - | - | Temperature, RF-field |
*1
The recommendation by Schaefer et al. was also used by the NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency (U.K.), for their official buyers guide for urodynamic systems (CEP08045 ) [42].
*2
Instead of pressure, the weight distribution is of interest. It is mentioned here, as well, since the same principles can be used.
*3
The lack of research in this field has complicated a determined standardization. The values are based on observation by preliminary tests.