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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The electric field gradient at the depth of epidermis-dermis junction for dry textile electrode (a), wet textile electrode (b), and hydrogel electrode (c). In the figure, the anode electrode is located on the left side while the cathode electrode is located on the right side.