Figure 1.

Scheme of experimental design. In generation 1, individual females were exposed to three males which were unrelated to the female and either full-sib brothers raised together (related-familiar, AAA+ treatment) or unrelated to each other and raised apart (unrelated-unfamiliar, ABC+). The offspring produced by these females (generation 2) were exposed to separate trials to measure: the survival of individual sons and daughters in isolation, the survival and reproductive success of daughters exposed to triplets of unrelated-unfamiliar males to each other and to the female (ABC+), and the survival and reproductive success of sons exposed to a female and two other unrelated-unfamiliar males (ABC+).