Table 1.
Characteristics of children and their parents by ASD case status (100 matched pairs)
| Variables | Categories | ASD Case (n=100) N (%) |
TD Control (n=100) N (%) |
P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child’s sex | Male | 85 (85.0) | 85 (85.0) | 1.00 |
|
Age of child (months) |
Age < 48 | 16 (16.0) | 13 (13.0) | 0.64 |
| 48 ≤ age < 72 | 46 (46.0) | 47 (47.0) | ||
| Age ≥ 72 | 38 (38.0) | 40 (40.0) | ||
| Child’s race | Afro-Caribbean | 93 (93.0) | 99 (99.0) | 0.25 |
| Place of child’s birth | Kingston parish | 19 (19.0) | 70 (70.0) | <0.01 |
| Other parishes | 81 (81.0) | 30 (30.0) | ||
|
Maternal agea (at child’s birth) |
< 35 years | 76 (76.0) | 84 (88.4) | 0.02 |
| ≥ 35 years | 24 (24.0) | 11 (11.6) | ||
|
Paternal ageb (at child’s birth) |
< 35 years | 47 (48.5) | 66 (71.7) | <0.01 |
| ≥ 35 years | 50 (51.5) | 26 (28.3) | ||
| Maternal race | Afro-Caribbean | 93 (93.0) | 99 (99.0) | 0.25 |
| Paternal racec | Afro-Caribbean | 94 (94.9) | 99 (99.0) | 0.67 |
|
Maternal educationd (at child’s birth) |
Up to high school † | 53 (53.0) | 75 (76.5) | <0.01 |
| Beyond high school†† |
47 (47.0) | 23 (23.5) | ||
|
Paternal educatione (at child’s birth) |
Up to high school † | 53 (54.6) | 85 (87.6) | <0.01 |
| Beyond high school†† |
44 (45.4) | 12 (12.4) | ||
| Assets owned | TV | 99 (99.0) | 94 (94.0) | 0.10 |
| Refrigerator | 97 (97.0) | 85 (85.0) | <0.01 | |
| Freezer f | 12 (12.0) | 19 (19.0) | 0.17 | |
| Living room set | 85 (85.0) | 47 (47.0) | <0.01 | |
| Washing machine | 76 (76.0) | 53 (53.0) | <0.01 | |
| Cars or other vehicle | 68 (68.0) | 37 (37.0) | <0.01 | |
| Telephone/Cell phone |
99 (99.0) | 99 (99.0) | 1.00 | |
| GSTP1 | Ile/Ile | 30 (30.0) | 25 (25.0) | 0.56 |
| Ile/Val | 52 (52.0) | 52 (52.0) | ||
| Val/Val | 18 (18.0) | 23 (23.0) | ||
| GSTM1 | DD g | 27 (27.0) | 26 (26.0) | 0.87 |
| I/I or I/D h | 73 (73.0) | 74 (74.0) | ||
| GSTT1 | DD g | 30 (30.0) | 22 (22.0) | 0.21 |
| I/I or I/D h | 70 (70.0) | 78 (78.0) | ||
P-values are based on Wald’s test in conditional logistic regression models that compares the distribution of independent variables between and ASD case and TD control groups
Up to high school education means attended Primary/Jr. Secondary, and Secondary/High/Technical schools
Beyond high school education means attended a Vocational, Tertiary College, or University
Maternal age was missing for 5 TD controls
Paternal age were missing for 3 ASD cases and 8 TD controls
Paternal race was missing for 1 ASD case
Maternal education was missing for 2 controls
Paternal education was missing for 3 cases and 3 controls
Assets owned (freezer) was missing for 1 control family
DD indicates the null alleles for GSTT1 and GSTM1
I/I or I/D indicate the homozygote (I/I) or a heterozygote (I/D) for GSTT1 and GSTM1
P-values are unadjusted for multiple testing