Table 2.
Association between potential confounders and ASD case status using Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR) based on 200 children (100 matched-pairs).
| Variables | Category | ASD Case N (%) |
TD Control N (%) |
Matched OR (MOR) |
95% CI for MOR† |
P- value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Parental education levelsa (at child’s birth) |
At least one of the parents had education beyond high school |
64 (66.0) | 30 (31.6) | 3.50 | (1.84, 6.65) |
<0.01 | |
|
Socioeconomic status (SES) |
High SES (own a car) | 68 (68.0) | 37 (37.0) | 3.58 | (1.90, 6.80) |
<0.01 | |
|
Source of drinking waterb |
Piped water | 94 (94.0) | 95 (96.0) | 0.67 | (0.19, 2.36) |
0.53 | |
|
Source of water for cookingc |
Piped water | 94 (94.0) | 95 (96.0) | 0.67 | (0.19, 2.36) |
0.53 | |
|
Fruits and vegetables consumptiond |
Root Vegetables |
A. Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen |
73 (73.0) | 82 (82.8) | 0.52 | (0.25, 1.07) |
0.08 |
| B. Carrot or pumpkin |
86 (86.0) | 98 (99.0) | 0.08 | (0.01, 0.59) |
0.01 | ||
| Leafy Vegetables |
A. Lettuce | 47 (47.0) | 62 (62.6) | 0.57 | (0.33, 0.97) |
0.04 | |
| B. Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi |
72 (72.0) | 94 (95.0) | 0.18 | (0.07, 0.46) |
<0.01 | ||
| C. Cabbage | 66 (66.0) | 94 (95.0) | 0.15 | (0.06, 0.38) |
<0.01 | ||
| Legumes | String beans | 33 (33.0) | 42 (42.4) | 0.68 | (0.39, 1.18) |
0.17 | |
| Fruits | Tomatoes | 62 (62.0) | 85 (85.9) | 0.23 | (0.10, 0.51) |
<0.01 | |
| Ackee | 58 (58.0) | 92 (92.9) | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.23) |
<0.01 | ||
| Avocado | 29 (29.0) | 68 (68.7) | 0.19 | (0.09, 0.38) |
<0.01 | ||
| Green banana | 67 (67.0) | 90 (90.9) | 0.27 | (0.13, 0.57) |
<0.01 | ||
| Fried plantains | 70 (70.0) | 89 (89.9) | 0.17 | (0.06, 0.48) |
0.03 | ||
| Seafood consumption | High seafood consumption (More than 6 meals per week) |
26 (26.0) | 45 (45.0) | 0.41 | (0.21, 0.77) |
<0.01 | |
| Ate saltwater fish | 77 (77.0) | 89 (89.0) | 0.40 | (0.18, 0.91) |
0.03 | ||
| Ate fresh water fish (Pond fish, tilapia) |
46 (46.0) | 52 (52.0) | 0.75 | (0.41, 1.38) |
0.36 | ||
| Ate sardine, mackerel (Canned fish) |
75 (75.0) | 92 (92.0) | 0.26 | (0.11, 0.64) |
<0.01 | ||
| Ate tuna (Canned fish) | 31 (31.0) | 44 (44.0) | 0.55 | (0.30, 1.02) |
0.06 | ||
| Ate salt fish (Pickled mackerel) |
70 (70.0) | 93 (93.0) | 0.15 | (0.05, 0.42) |
<0.01 | ||
| Ate shellfish (Lobsters, crabs) | 7 (7.0) | 14 (14.0) | 0.42 | (0.15, 1.18) |
0.10 | ||
| Ate shrimp | 19 (19.0) | 27 (27.0) | 0.62 | (0.31, 1.24) |
0.17 | ||
| Grains consumed | Rice e | 98 (98.0) | 99 (100.0) |
NR | NR | 0.99 | |
| Fried dumpling | 78 (78.0) | 93 (93.0) | 0.29 | (0.12, 0.71) |
<0.01 | ||
| Boiled dumpling | 74 (74.0) | 98 (98.0) | 0.08 | (0.02, 0.32) |
<0.01 | ||
| White bread | 47 (47.0) | 76 (76.0) | 0.31 | (0.17, 0.58) |
<0.01 | ||
| Whole wheat bread | 73 (73.0) | 62 (62.0) | 1.58 | (0.89, 2.81) |
0.12 | ||
| Cakes/buns f | 83 (83.0) | 98 (99.0) | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.44) |
<0.01 | ||
| Porridge, like cornmeal, oatmeal g |
85 (85.0) | 97 (98.0) | 0.07 | (0.01, 0.54) |
0.01 | ||
| Cereal h | 74 (74.0) | 91 (91.9) | 0.31 | (0.14, 0.68) |
<0.01 | ||
NR = Not reported due to unstable estimates caused by a limited number of observation in at least one of the cells
If a 95% CI for the MOR does not include one, then we conclude a significant association at 5% level
Parental education levels were missing for 3 cases and 5 controls
Source of drinking water was missing for 1 control
Source of water for cooking was missing for 1 control
Fruits and vegetables consumption was missing for 1 control
Rice consumption was missing for 1 control
Cakes/buns consumption was missing for 1 control
Porridge consumption was missing for 1 control
Cereal consumption was missing for 1 control
P-values are unadjusted for multiple testing