Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Sample by Body Mass Index Group.
[CHF, congestive heart failure; CNS, central nervous system; MI, myocardial infarction]
| PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS | Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | Very Obese | ||
| < 18.5 (n=1,437) |
18.5 to 24.9 (n=6,935) |
25.0 to 29.9 (n=5,919) |
30.0 to 34.9 (n=3,412) |
≥ 35.0 (n=3,534) |
||
| ARREST RHYTHM | <.001 | |||||
| Asystole, no. (%) | 571 (39.7) | 2,595 (37.4) | 2,059 (34.8) | 1,178 (34.5) | 1,296 (36.7) | |
| Pulseless Electrical Activity, no. (%) | 645 (44.9) | 2,971 (42.8) | 2,532 (42.8) | 1,417 (41.5) | 1,474 (41.7) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation, no. (%) | 116 (8.1) | 800 (11.5) | 800 (13.5) | 486 (14.2) | 468 (13.2) | |
| Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia, no. (%) | 105 (7.3) | 569 (8.2) | 528 (8.9) | 331 (9.7) | 296 (8.4) | |
| Age, years ± SD | 67.4 ± 16.7 | 68.6 ± 16.2 | 66.9 ± 15.2 | 64.9 ± 14.4 | 60.2 ± 14.2 | <.001 |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 739 (51.4) | 4,133 (59.6) | 3,729 (63.0) | 2,005 (58.8) | 1,803 (51.0) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic, no. (%) | 833 (58.0) | 4,448 (64.1) | 3,875 (65.5) | 2,298 (67.4) | 2,236 (63.3) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic, no. (%) | 393 (27.3) | 1,473 (21.2) | 1,172 (19.8) | 672 (19.7) | 847 (24.0) | |
| Hispanic, no. (%) | 77 (5.4) | 408 (5.9) | 393 (6.6) | 193 (5.7) | 198 (5.6) | |
| Other, no. (%) | 134 (9.3) | 606 (8.7) | 479 (8.1) | 249 (7.3) | 253 (7.2) | |
| HOSPITAL ARREST LOCATION | <.001 | |||||
| Intensive care unit, no. (%) | 644 (44.8) | 3,444 (49.7) | 2,992 (50.6) | 1,764 (51.7) | 1,832 (51.8) | |
| Telemetry unit, no. (%) | 252 (17.5) | 1,227 (17.7) | 1,008 (17.0) | 548 (16.1) | 556 (15.7) | |
| Nonmonitored unit, no. (%) | 387 (26.9) | 1,369 (19.7) | 998 (16.9) | 585 (17.2) | 621 (17.6) | |
| Procedure Suites, no. (%) | 63 (4.4) | 403 (5.8) | 438 (7.4) | 249 (7.3) | 227 (6.4) | |
| Emergency Room, no. (%) | 70 (4.9) | 414 (6.0) | 399 (1.4) | 223 (6.5) | 240 (6.8) | |
| Other, no. (%) | 21 (1.5) | 78 (1.1) | 84 (1.4) | 43 (1.3) | 58 (1.6) | |
| ARREST CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| Hospital-wide code blue, no. (%) | 1,213 (84.4) | 5,615 (81.0) | 4,732 (80.0) | 2,686 (78.7) | 2,773 (78.5) | <.001 |
| Time of day or week for cardiac arrest | ||||||
| Weeknight (5pm to 8am), no. (%) | 914 (63.6) | 4,290 (61.9) | 3,603 (60.9) | 2,083 (61.1) | 2,156 (61.0) | 0.32 |
| Weekend, no. (%) | 411 (28.6) | 1,874 (27.0) | 1,566 (26.5) | 883 (25.9) | 931 (26.3) | 0.33 |
| Afterhours (Nights or Weekends), no. (%) | 1,058 (73.6) | 4,986 (71.9) | 4,179 (70.6) | 2,443 (71.6) | 2,517 (71.2) | 0.18 |
| Cardiac Admitting Diagnosis, no. (%) | 1,027 (71.5) | 4,317 (62.3) | 3,361 (56.8) | 1,927 (56.5) | 2,094 (59.3) | <.001 |
| PRE-ARREST CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| CHF during admission, no. (%) | 209 (14.5) | 1,179 (17.0) | 1,064 (18.0) | 577 (16.9) | 734 (20.8) | <.001 |
| Prior CHF before admission, no. (%) | 216 (15.0) | 1,218 (17.6) | 5,919 (18.1) | 3,412 (18.9) | 782 (22.1) | <.001 |
| MI during admission, no. (%) | 157 (10.9) | 1,031 (14.9) | 1,088 (18.4) | 603 (17.7) | 541 (15.3) | <.001 |
| Prior MI before admission, no. (%) | 162 (11.3) | 997 (14.4) | 917 (15.5) | 546 (16.0) | 516 (14.6) | <.001 |
| Hypotension, no. (%) | 375 (26.1) | 1,809 (26.1) | 1,573 (28.2) | 934 (27.4) | 897 (25.4) | 0.41 |
| Metastatic or Hematologic Malignancy, no. (%) | 223 (15.5) | 951 (13.7) | 685 (11.6) | 375 (11.0) | 286 (8.1) | <.001 |
| Respiratory insufficiency, no. (%) | 606 (42.2) | 2,640 (38.1) | 2,239 (37.8) | 1,323 (38.9) | 1,502 (42.5) | <.001 |
| Renal insufficiency, no. (%) | 401 (27.9) | 2,089 (30.1) | 1,886 (31.9) | 1,088 (31.9) | 1,224 (34.6) | <.001 |
| Renal failure requiring hemodialysis, no. (%) | 50 (3.5) | 255 (3.7) | 239 (4.0) | 158 (4.6) | 152 (4.3) | 0.12 |
| Hepatic insufficiency, no. (%) | 89 (6.2) | 494 (7.1) | 400 (6.8) | 247 (7.2) | 256 (7.2) | 0.59 |
| Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 261 (18.2) | 1,509 (21.8) | 1,636 (26.8) | 1,181 (34.6) | 1,522 (43.1) | <.001 |
| Baseline CNS depression, no. (%) | 216 (15.0) | 966 (13.9) | 686 (11.6) | 382 (11.2) | 374 (10.6) | <.001 |
| Acute stroke, no. (%) | 53 (3.7) | 289 (4.2) | 244 (4.1) | 121 (3.6) | 98 (2.8) | 0.005 |
| Pneumonia, no. (%) | 258 (18.0) | 1,001 (14.4) | 687 (11.6) | 367 (10.8) | 380 (10.8) | <.001 |
| Sepsis, no. (%) | 268 (18.7) | 1,162 (16.8) | 877 (14.8) | 555 (16.3) | 592 (16.8) | 0.002 |
| Major trauma, no. (%) | 37 (2.6) | 207 (3.0) | 213 (3.6) | 104 (3.1) | 113 (3.2) | 0.19 |
| INTERVENTIONS AT TIME OF ARREST | ||||||
| Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) | 440 (30.6) | 2,205 (31.8) | 1,940 (32.8) | 3,412 (33.9) | 1,306 (37.0) | <.001 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump, no. (%) | 4 (0.3) | 99 (1.4) | 120 (2.0) | 83 (2.4) | 52 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary artery catheter, no. (%) | 26 (1.8) | 244 (3.5) | 237 (4.0) | 151 (4.4) | 126 (3.6) | <.001 |
| Intravenous Dopamine, no. (%) | 147 (10.2) | 848 (12.2) | 760 (12.8) | 441 (12.9) | 425 (12.0) | 0.07 |
| Intravenous Dobutamine, no. (%) | 24 (1.7) | 231 (3.3) | 213 (3.6) | 143 (4.2) | 151 (4.3) | <.001 |
| Intravenous Norephinephrine, no. (%) | 176 (12.3) | 922 (13.3) | 778 (13.1) | 479 (14.0) | 504 (14.3) | 0.25 |
| Intravenous Phenylephrine, no. (%) | 65 (4.5) | 343 (5.0) | 315 (5.3) | 176 (5.2) | 191 (5.4) | 0.63 |