TABLE 7.

Summary Findings and Effect Size Estimates for Maternal Psychosocial and Behavioral Outcomes at 2, 6, and 12 Months Postpartum, for Participants With Substance Use at Baseline^a

Outcome	Intervention Group (N=145)	Control Group (N=140)	Analysis
Psychosocial outcomes (value range)	Adjusted Mean	Adjusted Mean	Adjusted Mean Difference	95% CI	Effect Sizeb	p
CES-D score (0–60)
Baseline	13.45	13.55	−0.09	−1.03, 0.84	−0.02	0.84
2 months postpartum	13.18	13.55	−0.37	−1.30, 0.56	−0.06	0.43
6 months postpartum	12.62	13.56	−0.93	−2.20, 0.34	−0.13	0.15
12 months postpartum	11.79	13.56	−1.78	−3.91, 0.37	−0.17	0.10
ASEBA externalizing T-score
Baseline	42.93	43.15	−0.22	−2.19, 1.76	−0.02	0.83
6 months postpartum	41.19	42.39	−1.20	−3.09, 0.69	−0.10	0.21
12 months postpartum	39.44	41.63	−2.19	−4.77, 0.38	−0.16	0.09
ASEBA internalizing T-score
Baseline	46.89	47.03	−0.14	−2.16, 1.87	−0.01	0.89
6 months postpartum	44.56	46.05	−1.49	−3.45, 0.48	−0.12	0.14
12 months postpartum	42.24	45.07	−2.83	−5.55, −0.11	−0.19	0.04
ASEBA total problems T-score
Baseline	43.37	43.79	−0.42	−2.40, 1.56	−0.04	0.68
6 months postpartum	41.16	42.60	−1.44	−3.41, 0.54	−0.12	0.15
12 months postpartum	38.95	41.40	−2.46	−5.16, 0.25	−0.17	0.08
POSIT mental health score
Baseline	3.48	3.93	−0.45	−0.95, 0.05	−0.15	0.08
2 months postpartum	3.40	3.79	−0.38	−0.86, 0.10	−0.13	0.12
6 months postpartum	3.26	3.50	−0.25	−0.77, 0.27	−0.08	0.35
12 months postpartum	3.03	3.07	−0.04	−0.76, 0.69	−0.01	0.92
POSIT substance abuse score
Baseline	0.62	0.68	−0.06	−0.45, 0.33	−0.02	0.78
2 months postpartum	0.53	0.64	−0.11	−0.46, 0.25	−0.05	0.56
6 months postpartum	0.35	0.57	−0.20	−0.56, 0.16	−0.09	0.27
12 months postpartum	0.10	0.45	−0.35	−0.89, 0.19	−0.12	0.20
Maternal drug use outcomes (past-month substance use)	Estimated %c	Estimated %c	Odds Ratio	95% CI		p
Alcohol
Baseline	5.00	3.45	0.77	0.19, 3.15		0.51
2 months postpartum	18.88	18.97	0.81	0.35, 1.89		0.63
6 months postpartum	18.62	21.13	0.77	0.40, 1.50		0.44
12 months postpartum	26.40	23.54	1.07	0.60, 1.93		0.81
Marijuana
Baseline	9.29	6.90	1.23	0.51, 2.94		0.65
2 months postpartum	22.36	22.30	0.93	0.47, 1.84		0.84
6 months postpartum	13.76	21.17	0.58	0.29, 1.14		0.11
12 months postpartum	19.79	22.09	0.78	0.41, 1.51		0.46
Any illegal drug
Baseline	11.43	8.97	1.11	0.50, 2.46		0.80
2 months postpartum	24.88	23.22	1.01	0.51, 1.94		0.99
6 months postpartum	15.36	22.74	0.59	0.31, 1.13		0.11
12 months postpartum	22.43	24.62	0.78	0.42, 1.46		0.44
Any alcohol or illegal drug
Baseline	14.29	11.72	0.97	0.45, 2.06		0.93
2 months postpartum	35.12	30.34	1.12	0.62, 2.03		0.70
6 months postpartum	30.67	33.22	0.81	0.47, 1.41		0.46
12 months postpartum	39.88	38.25	0.97	0.59, 1.62		0.92

^aCES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; ASEBA=Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (41); POSIT=Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (42). Covariates included study site, use of alcohol during index pregnancy, lifetime use of cigarettes, and baseline CES-D score.

^bStandardized pairwise differences are defined as the average between treatment group difference in outcome scaled by the standard deviation of the outcome. Standardized differences represent treatment effect size estimates on the standard deviation scale of the outcome. Values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 are generally regarded as small, medium, and large, respectively (39).

^cPercentages are model-based estimates derived from imputed data.