Table 2.
Comparisons of patients’ characteristics between patients with normonatremia and patients with hyponatremia during hospitalization
| Variable | Non-hyponatremia during hospitalisation (n = 362) | Hyponatremia during hospitalization (n = 102) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 54.2 ± 15.3 | 52.1 ± 12.9 | 0.162 |
| Sex (Male) | 53.6 % | 50.9 % | 0.641 |
| Ejection fraction (%) * | 39.3 ± 18.4 | 39.9 ± 20.1 | 0.846 |
| Ischemia as cause of HF | 58.3 % | 51.9 % | 0.254 |
| Vital signs and symptoms on admission | |||
| SBP | 129.4 ± 27.4 | 117.8 ± 24.1 | <0.001 |
| DBP | 83.1 ± 18.2 | 76.9 ± 16.8 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate | 94.8 ± 17.6 | 97.4 ± 18.9 | 0.212 |
| Respiratory rate | 26.7 ± 5.9 | 27.6 ± 6.1 | 0.181 |
| Orthopnea | 69.6 % | 71.6 % | 0.703 |
| PND | 52.5 % | 58.8 % | 0.257 |
| Cough | 18.8 % | 18.6 % | 0.971 |
| Chest pain | 20.7 % | 7.8 % | 0.003 |
| Peripheral oedema | 61.1 % | 72.5 % | 0.033 |
| Ascites | 8.8 % | 21.6 % | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 21.5 % | 50.9 % | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension | 45.1 % | 31.4 % | 0.014 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22.7 % | 24.5 % | 0.694 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4.1 % | 7.8 % | 0.128 |
| Stroke | 3.9 % | 1.9 % | 0.351 |
| Tuberculosis | 4.7 % | 7.8 % | 0.214 |
| Asthma | 2.2 % | 2.9 % | 0.509 |
| Previous hospitalization for cardiac disease | 40.9 % | 51.9 % | 0.046 |
| Concomitant diagnosis | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 15.5 % | 12.7 % | 0.495 |
| Pneumonia | 15.7 % | 20.6 % | 0.248 |
| Renal failure | 17.7 % | 33.3 % | 0.001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 4.9 % | 5.9 % | 0.714 |
| Infectious diseases (other than pneumonia) | 4.1 % | 5.9 % | 0.456 |
| Blood chemistry at admission | |||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.9 ± 4.5 | 133.1 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 0.824 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 102. 9 ± 7.4 | 96.2 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 142.1 ± 73.2 | 137.1 ± 76.7 | 0.555 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 50.7 ± 33.7 | 73.1 ± 50.9 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.075 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 9.4 ± 5.7 | 9.0 ± 4.0 | 0.633 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 158.0 ± 48.3 | 137.9 ± 43.1 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 35.5 ± 17.9 | 27.4 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Protein total (g/dL) | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 0.097 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.7 ± 2.5 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | 0.919 |
| Erythrocyte (x1012/L) | 4.61 ± 2.16 | 4.61 ± 1.23 | 0.996 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 39.5 ± 7.0 | 40.2 ± 6.9 | 0.544 |
| Leucocyte (x109/L) | 8.3 (6.7–10.5) | 8.7 (7.0–12.3) | 0.187 |
| AST (IU/L) | 34 (25–55) | 40 (28–83) | 0.012 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 26 (16–51) | 34 (18–88) | 0.011 |