TABLE 2.
Country | Source | Resistance rates | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Thailand | Environmental watera | 48.4% resistant to ciprofloxacin, 46.8% resistant to tetracycline | 55 |
Malaysia | Feces of live broiler chickens | VRE (48% E. faecalis, 25.7% E. faecium, 12.1% E. gallinarum, 1.4% E. casseliflavus, 12.8% other Enterococcus spp.) | 80 |
Malaysia | Coastal bathing waters | 76.63% resistant to kanamycin, 10.87% resistant to novobiocin, 8.38% resistant to chloramphenicol | 60 |
Malaysia | Sewage treated effluent | 71.4% resistant to ampicillin, 4.7% resistant to ciprofloxacin, 95.2% resistant to cefuroxime | 59 |
Vietnam | Feces of live chicken | E. faecalis 86.3% resistant to chloramphenicol, 90.9% resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin, 100% resistant to oxytetracycline; E. faecium 97.8% resistant to oxytetracycline, 88,8% resistant to lincomycin, 86.5% resistant to enrofloxacin | 25 |
Indonesia | Feces of live chicken | E. faecalis 79.3% resistant to lincomycin, 77.6% resistant to erythromycin, 65.5% resistant to oxytetracycline; E. faecium 81% resistant to oxytetracycline, 69% resistant to enrofloxacin, lincomycin, and kanamycin | 25 |
Thailand | Feces of live chicken | E. faecalis 56.8% resistant to oxytetracycline, 54% resistant to lincomycin, 48.5% resistant to erythromycin; E. faecium 92.2% resistant to oxytetracycline, 83.9% resistant to lincomycin, 82.8% resistant to enrofloxacin | 25 |
Vietnam | Pig manure | 100% resistant to tetracycline, 32% resistant to enrofloxacin | 11 |
Vietnam | Water sediment from pond | 90% resistant to tetracycline, 45% resistant to enrofloxacin | 11 |
Agricultural wells on animal farms, rivers, and canals.