TABLE 2.

Summary of key studies investigating incidences of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus species in the environment

Country	Source	Resistance rates	Reference
Thailand	Environmental watera	48.4% resistant to ciprofloxacin, 46.8% resistant to tetracycline	55
Malaysia	Feces of live broiler chickens	VRE (48% E. faecalis, 25.7% E. faecium, 12.1% E. gallinarum, 1.4% E. casseliflavus, 12.8% other Enterococcus spp.)	80
Malaysia	Coastal bathing waters	76.63% resistant to kanamycin, 10.87% resistant to novobiocin, 8.38% resistant to chloramphenicol	60
Malaysia	Sewage treated effluent	71.4% resistant to ampicillin, 4.7% resistant to ciprofloxacin, 95.2% resistant to cefuroxime	59
Vietnam	Feces of live chicken	E. faecalis 86.3% resistant to chloramphenicol, 90.9% resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin, 100% resistant to oxytetracycline; E. faecium 97.8% resistant to oxytetracycline, 88,8% resistant to lincomycin, 86.5% resistant to enrofloxacin	25
Indonesia	Feces of live chicken	E. faecalis 79.3% resistant to lincomycin, 77.6% resistant to erythromycin, 65.5% resistant to oxytetracycline; E. faecium 81% resistant to oxytetracycline, 69% resistant to enrofloxacin, lincomycin, and kanamycin	25
Thailand	Feces of live chicken	E. faecalis 56.8% resistant to oxytetracycline, 54% resistant to lincomycin, 48.5% resistant to erythromycin; E. faecium 92.2% resistant to oxytetracycline, 83.9% resistant to lincomycin, 82.8% resistant to enrofloxacin	25
Vietnam	Pig manure	100% resistant to tetracycline, 32% resistant to enrofloxacin	11
Vietnam	Water sediment from pond	90% resistant to tetracycline, 45% resistant to enrofloxacin	11

^aAgricultural wells on animal farms, rivers, and canals.