Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics of participants without T1D (“no T1D”) and with T1D (“T1D”; EDC) and by degree of cognitive impairment* among participants with T1D
| No T1D (n = 138) | T1D (n = 97) | P value | Degree of cognitive impairment* in participants with T1D |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 38, 39%) | 1 (n = 32, 33%) | 2 (n = 27, 28%) | P value | ||||
| Demographic factors | |||||||
| Age (years) | 48.7 ± 7.2 | 49.1 ± 6.6 | 0.72 | 48.2 ± 6.8 | 48.5 ± 6.7 | 50.8 ± 6.3 | 0.26 |
| Female sex | 76 (55) | 49 (51) | 0.51 | 19 (50) | 16 (50) | 14 (52) | 0.93 |
| Education (years) | 16 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 | 0.003† | 16 ± 3 | 15 ± 2 | 14 ± 3 | 0.004† |
| Biological factors | |||||||
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 91.3 ± 16.3 | 174.5 ± 86.3 | <0.0001† | 169.7 ± 93.8 | 174.5 ± 89.5 | 181.0 ± 74.5 | 0.97 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.4 ± 9.9 | 119.6 ± 15.6 | 0.91 | 117.1 ± 15.1 | 122.5 ± 15.9 | 119.8 ± 15.9 | 0.47 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (74–84) | 66 (60–70) | <0.0001† | 65.1 ± 8.4 | 68.5 ± 10.2 | 63.6 ± 10.7 | 0.15 |
| Ever had high blood pressure‡ | 11 (8) | 37 (38) | <0.0001† | 13 (34) | 12 (38) | 12 (44) | 0.38 |
| ApoE4 status (24, 34, or 44) | 27 (21) | 29 (30) | 0.12 | 10 (26) | 12 (38) | 7 (26) | 0.96 |
| Behavioral factors | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 5.6 | 27.4 ± 4.7 | 0.11 | 25.8 ± 4.3 | 28.5 ± 4.7 | 28.3 ± 4.9 | 0.05† |
| Physical activity, past week (kcal)§ | 1,628 (616–3,008) | 1,092 (420–1,981) | 0.03† | 1,412 (784–2,618) | 980 (420–1,676) | 448 (140–1,966) | 0.29 |
| Diabetes factors | |||||||
| T1D duration (years) | – | 41.0 ± 6.2 | – | 40.3 ± 6.4 | 41.0 ± 6.4 | 42.0 ± 5.6 | 0.61 |
| Age at T1D diagnosis (years) | – | 8.0 ± 4.2 | – | 7.9 ± 3.7 | 7.5 ± 4.3 | 8.9 ± 4.6 | 0.50 |
| Coronary artery disease§ | – | 15 (15) | – | 5 (13) | 3 (9) | 7 (26) | 0.18 |
| Cardiac autonomic neuropathy§ | – | 41 (47) | – | 13 (37) | 15 (54) | 13 (52) | 0.37 |
| Distal symmetric polyneuropathy§ | – | 46 (51) | – | 13 (36) | 15 (56) | 18 (67) | 0.03† |
| Proliferative retinopathy§ | – | 46 (47) | – | 13 (34) | 16 (50) | 17 (63) | 0.03† |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)§ | – | 83.1 ± 23.6 | – | 87.2 ± 23.1 | 82.2 ± 25.7 | 78.6 ± 22.0 | 0.15 |
| 25-year average A1c months (AU) | – | 1,116 ± 431 | – | 962 ± 433 | 1,258 ± 403 | 1,164 ± 405 | 0.06† |
| 14-year A1c >7.5% (>58 mmol/mol) | – | 63 (65) | – | 18 (47) | 23 (72) | 22 (81) | 0.01† |
| A1c >7.5% (>58 mmol/mol) | – | 58 (61) | – | 16 (44) | 22 (69) | 20 (74) | 0.01† |
| Average ABI >1.3‖ | 16 (19) | – | 3 (8) | 6 (24) | 7 (28) | 0.05† | |
All measures were collected at the time of neurocognitive assessment (2010–2013) unless otherwise noted. Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). *Degree of cognitive impairment: “0” = no cognitive impairment, no test scores ≥1.5 SD worse than published norms; “1” = mild, only one test score ≥1.5 SD worse than the published norm; “2” = clinically relevant, two or more test scores ≥1.5 SD worse than published norms.
†Statistically significant using an FDR of 0.20. ‡For participants with T1D, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg or self-report of ever using antihypertensive medication at any EDC physical exam from baseline (1986–1988) through the time of neurocognitive assessment (2010–2013); for participants without T1D, a history of high blood pressure or use of antihypertensive medication based on self-report at the time of neurocognitive assessment. §For participants with T1D, the measure was taken in 2004–2006. ‖Measure was taken in 1990–1992.