Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and changes in glucostatic parameters and gut hormones
| IMM |
P* | RYGB |
P* | P† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 months | Baseline | 12 months | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.7 ± 0.6 | 32.3 ± 0.7§ | <0.0001 | 35.8 ± 0.5 | 25.7 ± 0.5§ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 105.7 ± 2.9 | 96.1 ± 3.0§ | <0.0001 | 103.2 ± 2.3 | 74.2 ± 2.2§ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Weight loss (%) | — | 9.2 ± 1.3 | — | — | 28.1 ± 1.3 | — | <0.0001 |
| T2DM medications, n (%) | |||||||
| Orals (except DPP-IV) | 33 (97.1)‡ | 30 (88.2)§ | 0.21 | 27 (79.4)‡ | 14 (41.2)§ | 0.002 | 0.83 |
| Incretin therapy | 10 (29.4) | 31 (91.2)§ | <0.0001 | 5 (14.7) | 7 (20.6)§ | 0.57 | 0.002 |
| Insulin | 15 (44.1)‡ | 15 (44.1) | 1 | 25 (73.5)‡ | 9 (26.5) | <0.0001 | 0.0007 |
| All T2DM medications | 34 (100) | 34 (100)§ | 1 | 34 (100) | 27 (79.4)§ | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.3§ | <0.0001 | 9.8 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.2§ | <0.0001 | 0.0004 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 81 ± 2.2 | 57 ± 3.3§ | 84 ± 2.2 | 46 ± 2.2§ | |||
| GlucoseF (mg/dL) | 220 ± 8 | 151 ± 8§ | <0.0001 | 236 ± 14 | 117 ± 6§ | <0.0001 | 0.005 |
| Glucose120m (mg/dL) | 252 ± 12 | 159 ± 10§ | <0.0001 | 268 ± 10 | 128 ± 9§ | <0.0001 | 0.01 |
| InsulinF (µIU/mL) | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 20.1 ± 3.1§ | 0.34 | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 7.2 ± 1.6§ | <0.0001 | 0.008 |
| C-peptideF (ng/mL) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.3§ | 0.82 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2§ | 0.0003 | 0.01 |
| C-peptide90m (ng/mL) | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 0.005 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 0.60 | 0.02 |
| 30-min insulinogenic index (μIU × dL × mL−1 × mg−1) | 0.30 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.06§ | 0.40 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.09§ | 0.006 | 0.04 |
| 30-min C-peptide index (ng × dL × mL−1 × mg−1) | 0.041 ± 0.01 | 0.036 ± 0.006§ | 0.69 | 0.024 ± 0.003 | 0.065 ± 0.01§ | 0.0003 | 0.0025 |
| Insulin clearance, CF/IF (ng/µIU) | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 | 0.046 |
| MCR (kg × mL × min−1) | 353 ± 29 | 1,163 ± 96 | <0.0001 | 281 ± 28 | 1,162 ± 79 | <0.0001 | 0.51 |
| HOMA-IR (mmol × µIU × L−2) | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 7.6 ± 1.3§ | 0.04 | 14.7 ± 2.1 | 2.2 ± 0.5§ | <0.0001 | 0.01 |
| MI [1/(mmol/L)2 × (pmol/L)2] | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.9§ | 0.001 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 9.1 ± 1.0§ | <0.0001 | 0.004 |
| oDI (IAUC/glucoseAUC × MI) | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.08§ | <0.0001 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 1.35 ± 0.16§ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BCGS (pmol × kg−1 ×min−1)/(mg/dL) | 18.6 ± 4.2 | 19.7 ± 4.0 | 0.74 | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 31.2 ± 5.0 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Adiponectin (mg/mL) × 103 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6§ | 0.13 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.9§ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 23.6 ± 2.3 | 24.0 ± 2.4§ | 0.81 | 19.1 ± 2.2 | 13.9 ± 1.6§ | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 94.8 ± 7.6 | 103.3 ± 14.4 | 0.57 | 115.6 ± 17.0 | 83.1 ± 6.9 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
| GLP-2 (ng/mL) | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.5§ | 0.03 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6§ | 0.005 | 0.63 |
| Glucagon (pg/mL) | 93.0 ± 7.5 | 80.8 ± 5.1§ | 0.02 | 83.8 ± 4.9 | 66.7 ± 3.3§ | 0.0005 | 0.47 |
| InsulinF/glucagonF | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 0.9§ | 0.39 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 0.6§ | 0.0001 | 0.02 |
| Insulin120m/glucagon120m | 9.9 ± 1.2 | 11.8 ± 1.6§ | 0.22 | 12.3 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9§ | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| InsulinAUC/glucagonAUC | 20.4 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 0.27 | 22.5 ± 4.8 | 17.4 ± 2.6 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
Values are mean ± SEM or n (%).
AUC is calculated from 0 to 120 min.
Molar ratios for insulin/glucagon are presented.
C, C-peptide; DPP-IV, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; F, fasting; I, insulin.
*P = within group change.
†P = difference in the change over time between groups.
‡P < 0.05 between groups at baseline.
§P < 0.05 between groups at 12 months.