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. 2015 Aug 20;9:290. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00290

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Copyright © 2015 Ghezzi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Novel strategies for retinal stimulation. Photothermal stimulation left requires photo-absorber (e.g., black μ-particles) that absorb light energy and transfer it to heat, which in turn activates the cells in their near vicinity. Photovoltaic stimulation middle requires photoresponsive surfaces (silicon, conjugated polymers, etc.) inducing capacitive stimulation upon light absorption and charge generation. In ultrasonic stimulation right, ultrasonic waves are transmitted into the eye and interfere to create a projected pattern for exciting retinal neurons.