Table 1. Mean (standard deviation) of maternal and newborn characteristics of samples used for the RNA-Seq and Taqman RT-qPCR experiments.
| Normal term | SGA | LGA | PE | GD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Individuals for RNA-Seq (n = 8/group) | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 29.3 ± 7.85 | 24.5 ± 3.51 | 30.9 ± 5.06 | 27.4 ± 7.39 | 30.3 ± 5.15 |
| Maternal height (cm) | 164.5 ± 5.34 | 165.4 ± 6.23 | 168.4 ± 6.39 | 168.8 ± 3.85 | 166.1 ± 5.28 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 3.77 | 20.6 ± 2.92 | 24.83 ± 4.61 | 26.3 ± 5.00 | 26.3 ± 7.85 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 17.2 ± 3.52 | 13.3 ± 3.47* | 21.7 ± 7.25 | 10.9 ± 3.36* | 14.8 ± 5.76 |
| Nulliparity (n) | 3 | 7* | 2 | 6 | 3 |
| Smokers during pregnancy (n) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Gestational age at birth (days) | 278.6 ± 11.5 | 272 ± 9.46 | 281.6 ± 4.41 | 266.1 ± 3.94* | 275.5 ± 5.98 |
| Labor activity (yes/no) | 5/3 | 7/1 | 3/5 | 2/6 | 4/4 |
| Delivery mode (vaginal/c-sect) | 5/3 | 6/2 | 3/5 | 2/6 | 3/5 |
| Paternal age (years) | 31.8 ± 5.99 | 27.14 ± 5.64 | 35.8 ± 8.28 | 32.8 ± 8.94 | 33.5 ± 7.05 |
| Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.83 | 22.7 ± 2.04 | 29.9 ± 5.65 | 28.8 ± 6.34 | 27.8 ± 4.34 |
| Newborn weight (g) | 3703 ± 392 | 2442 ± 235* | 4726 ± 208* | 2794 ± 488* | 4269 ± 238* |
| Newborn length (cm) | 51.3 ± 1.89 | 46.3 ± 1.04* | 53.4 ± 1.18* | 47.6 ± 1.51* | 52.4 ± 1.30 |
| Ponderal index (g/cm3) | 2.74 ± 0.27 | 2.48 ± 0.29* | 3.11 ± 0.26* | 2.57 ± 0.29 | 2.98 ± 0.27 |
| IUGR (n) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Newborn sex (F/M) | 3/5 | 5/3 | 4/4 | 4/4 | 5/3 |
| Placental weight (g) | 571.3 ± 115.8 | 397.5 ± 89.9* | 816.2 ± 116.0* | 476.9 ± 119.9 | 658.1 ± 185.2 |
| B. Individuals for Taqman RT-qPCR experiments (n = 24/group) | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 29.5 ± 6.53 | 26.7 ± 5.29 | 30.6 ± 6.57 | 27.3 ± 5.15 | 31.6 ± 6.09 |
| Maternal height (cm) | 166.2 ± 4.94 | 166.3 ± 5.73 | 168.4 ± 6.72 | 167.6 ± 5.68 | 166.5 ± 6.35 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.53 | 21.1 ± 2.39* | 25.6 ± 5.67 | 24.0 ± 4.39 | 25.8 ± 6.50 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 15.7 ± 4.74 | 12.7 ± 3.00* | 18.3 ± 6.11 | 15.0 ± 5.38 | 15.5 ± 5.51 |
| Nulliparity (n) | 9 | 14 | 10 | 17* | 8 |
| Smokers during pregnancy (n) | 4 | 6 | 0* | 3 | 5 |
| Gestational age at birth (days) | 274.7 ± 9.94 | 270.7 ± 9.40 | 282.0 ± 6.15* | 261.7 ± 13.0* | 274.6 ± 6.38 |
| Delivery mode (vaginal/c-sect) | 17/7 | 15/9 | 14/10 | 6/18* | 14/10 |
| Paternal age (years) | 32.3 ± 5.32 | 28.3 ± 6.01* | 34.2 ± 7.81 | 30.6 ± 6.56 | 33.5 ± 6.51 |
| Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3± 4.11 | 24.6 ± 3.10* | 27.8 ± 4.60 | 26.6 ± 4.78 | 26.5 ± 4.11 |
| Newborn weight (g) | 3568 ± 419 | 2416 ± 273* | 4824.5 ± 280* | 2702 ± 611* | 4110 ± 520* |
| Newborn length (cm) | 50.9 ± 1.86 | 46.1 ± 1.71* | 53.7 ± 1.70* | 47.1 ± 3.22* | 52.0 ± 1.52* |
| Ponderal index (g/cm3) | 2.70 ± 0.304 | 2.47 ± 0.27* | 3.12 ± 0.29* | 2.54 ± 0.257 | 2.91 ± 0.25* |
| IUGR (n) | 0 | 17 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Newborn sex (F/M) | 12/12 | 13/11 | 12/12 | 14/10 | 12/12 |
| Placental weight (g) | 550 ± 114.8 | 413.3 ± 82.3* | 807.5 ± 141.3* | 469 ± 115.6* | 677.8 ± 152.5* |
Data are given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, except where indicated differently.
Nulliparity refers to no previous childbirth; normal term indicates uncomplicated pregnancies resulting with the birth of a newborn with appropriate-for-gestational age; Ponderal index is a ratio of body weight to length: [weight (in g) x 100] ÷ [length (in cm)]3; BMI, body mass index; c-sect, caesarean section; F, female; GD, gestational diabetes; LGA, large-for-gestational age (birth weight > 90th percentile); M, male; PE, preeclampsia; SGA, small-for-gestational age (birth weight < 10th percentile); IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction.
*P value < 0.05 compared to normal term pregnancy group, Student’s T test (for quantitative variables) or χ2 test (for binary variables).