Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Participant Exposure, Attention, and Reactions to Warning Labels
| Exposure | Attention | Reactions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warning labels | Tried to cover label up— none vs. some/most/all of the time | Kept label out of sight— none vs. some/most/all of the time | Looked at label when opened pack—most/all vs. none of the time | Any correct recall (coded variable)—yes vs. no | Label made you think about health risks of smoking—yes vs. no | Label made you think about quitting—yes vs. no | Label ever stopped you from smoking—yes vs. no |
| 1. Throat | 1.31 (0.31–5.64) | 1.43 (0.48–4.24) | 4.75 (1.44–15.66) | 5.12 (1.52–17.26) | 15.83 (3.14–79.93) | 2.67 (0.58–12.30) | 0.87 (0.21–3.58) |
| 2. Child in smoke cloud | 0.29 (0.08–0.99) | 0.58 (0.18–1.88) | 6.21 (1.85–20.92) | 13.09 (3.26–52.47) | 8.68 (1.76–42.72) | 3.14 (0.56–17.74) | 0.75 (0.21–2.7) |
| 3. Crying woman | 4.15 (0.81–21.23) | 1.33 (0.42–4.25) | 5.26 (1.66–16.65) | 4.07 (1.33–12.51) | 2.87 (0.71–11.60) | 0.81 (0.22–3.04) | 0.94 (0.25–3.53) |
| 4. Diseased mouth | 0.31 (0.09–1.1) | 0.68 (0.21–2.14) | 5.94 (1.68–21.08) | 8.13 (2.02–32.73) | 3.99 (1.12–14.21) | 1.16 (0.27–4.95) | 1.12 (0.30–4.22) |
| 5. Mask | 0.83 (0.22–3.17) | 1.00 (0.32–3.08) | 8.30 (2.66–25.89) | 6.05 (1.71–21.41) | 5.39 (1.2–24.19) | 2.88 (0.55–14.92) | 0.66 (0.17–2.58) |
| 6. Infant | 0.87 (0.21–3.57) | 1.02 (0.34–3.13) | 4.94 (1.65–14.76) | 31.33 (6.57–149.53) | 3.90 (1.14–13.4) | 2.49 (0.67–9.31) | 0.90 (0.19–4.25) |
| 7. Quit man | 1.82 (0.42–7.94) | 1.21 (0.37–3.99) | 4.27 (1.18–15.53) | 16.41 (2.91–92.66) | 2.67 (0.71–10.02) | 2.83 (0.37–21.32) | 0.86 (0.26–2.83) |
| 8. Diseased lung | 0.56 (0.17–1.85) | 0.48 (0.16–1.45) | 9.44 (2.24–39.71) | 8.57 (1.94–37.82) | 3.32 (0.93–11.85) | 1.63 (0.26–10.17) | 2.07 (0.41–10.44) |
| 9. Cadaver | 0.61 (0.16–2.36) | 1.19 (0.34–4.20) | 5.15 (1.53–17.37) | 21.19 (4.03–111.5) | 3.26 (0.90–11.74) | 0.36 (0.07–1.85) | 1.40 (0.36–5.49) |
| 10. Text-only | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Covariates | |||||||
| Day 4 | – | – | – | – | 1.26 (0.84–1.88) | – | 1.33 (0.82–2.15) |
| Day 6 | – | – | – | – | 1.74 (1.11–2.73) | – | 1.68 (1.09–2.60) |
| Day 2 | – | – | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| Female | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.47 (1.26–4.83) |
| Male | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Black | – | 1.52 (0.92–2.49) | – | – | 4.10 (2.10–7.99) | – | – |
| Other | – | 1.00 (0.46–2.2) | – | – | 10.66 (2.54–44.68) | – | – |
| White | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
| Less than high school | – | – | 4.31 (1.49–12.42) | – | – | 3.03 (0.82–11.20) | – |
| High school grad | – | – | 4.22 (1.67–10.69) | – | – | 5.15 (1.68–15.78) | – |
| Some college | – | – | 2.58 (1.09–6.14) | – | – | 2.52 (0.92–6.92) | – |
| College degree | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | ||
| Use resources to quit | – | – | – | – | – | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) | 1.60 (1.35–1.90) |
| Self-efficacy to quit | – | – | 1.28 (1.06–1.55) | – | – | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | – |
| Packs smoked | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) |
| Any defensive comments | – | – | 0.32 (0.15–0.66) | – | 0.27 (0.13–0.53) | 0.38 (0.16–0.88) | 0.33 (0.14–0.79) |
| No defensive comments | – | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. – = nonsignificant covariates were dropped from the model. Statistically significant associations are in bold font.