Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Pairwise Comparisons
| Self-identified and behavioral | Self-identified and not behavioral | Not social smokers | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | (N = 478, 27.4%) | (N = 797, 45.8%) | (N = 467, 26.8%) | |
| Male (%) | 64.19 | 65.13a | 67.46a | 57.88b |
| Age (M, SD) | 20.50, 2.05 | 20.31, 1.92a | 20.45, 2.02ab | 20.67, 2.14b |
| Household income | ||||
| <$20,000 | 26.95 | 23.43 | 27.60 | 29.12 |
| $21,000–$60,000 | 36.28 | 34.10 | 35.51 | 40.26 |
| $61,000–$100,000 | 19.27 | 21.76 | 20.45 | 14.78 |
| >$100,000 | 17.5 | 20.71a | 16.44ab | 15.85b |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 2.98 | 3.35 | 2.51 | 3.00 |
| Asian, Pacific Islander | 3.64 | 3.14 | 4.02 | 3.21 |
| White | 71.34 | 70.71 | 70.64 | 74.09 |
| Hispanic | 6.29 | 7.53 | 6.15 | 5.14 |
| Other/Multiple | 15.74 | 15.27a | 16.69a | 14.56a |
| Age at first cigarette (M, SD) | 14.47, 3.06 | 15.07, 2.90a | 14.32, 3.15b | 14.05, 2.99b |
| Frequency of smoking (days/week) (M, SD) | 5.82, 2.16 | 4.47, 2.58a | 6.34, 1.59b | 6.39, 1.58b |
| Cigarettes per day (M, SD) | 8.87, 7.60 | 4.31, 5.09a | 10.22, 7.94b | 11.50, 7.23c |
| Time to first cigarette (% cigarette <30min) | 36.33 | 13.18a | 42.16b | 50.32c |
| Past year quit attempt (% yes) | 61.73 | 68.49a | 62.48b | 53.00c |
| TLFB alcohol user (%) | 78.08 | 85.98a | 77.42b | 72.38c |
| TLFB marijuana user (%) | 54.67 | 60.46a | 56.34a | 45.82b |
| Percent days co-using cigarettes and marijuana (M, SD) | 27.07, 36.76 | 23.93, 33.41a | 29.98, 37.75b | 25.79, 38.23ab |
| Percent days co-using cigarettes and alcohol (M, SD) | 22.59, 26.94 | 27.21, 27.23a | 21.88, 26.50b | 19.28, 26.57b |
| CuditZ (M, SD) | 0.02, 0.77 | 0.01, 0.71ab | 0.07, 0.82a | -0.06, 0.75b |
| 30-Day heavy drinking days (M, SD) | 2.86, 4.62 | 3.22, 4.44a | 3.02, 4.90a | 2.24, 4.25b |
| Stage of change (%) | ||||
| Pre-contemplation | 47.79 | 45.49 | 46.55 | 52.03 |
| Contemplation | 30.17 | 25.37 | 32.25 | 31.69 |
| Preparation | 22.04 | 29.14a | 21.20b | 16.27b |
| Abstinence goal (% with abstinence goal) | 10.44 | 10.46ab | 8.78a | 12.42b |
| Desire to quit (M, SD) | 5.26, 3.03 | 5.71, 2.98a | 5.14, 2.99b | 4.93, 3.09b |
| Self-efficacy (M, SD) | 5.90, 2.89 | 7.00, 2.67a | 5.57, 2.82b | 5.26. 2.89b |
| Difficulty (M, SD) | 6.53, 2.82 | 5.38, 2.86a | 6.69, 2.62b | 6.98, 2.78b |
Note. CUDIT = Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test; TLFB = timeline followback.
Difference within each social smoking category using t-tests or chi-squares. Categories that share superscripts refer to comparisons that are not statistically different. Categories that do not share subscripts refer to statistically significant difference, p < .05. For all hypotheses tests, the alpha was set to 0.05.