Table 3.

Summary of Findings by Scientific Area⁶ from CNP Tobacco Control Publications (2005–2009): Reducing Tobacco Use and Related Diseases (Domain 2) and Research Capacity and Infrastructure (Domain 3)

Population	CNP number and authors, study design and information	Findings
Reducing tobacco use and related diseases: policy
Asian American	1253 , cross-sectional survey	Smoke-free home rules were associated with California Asian Americans being a former smoker, particularly among recent immigrants, and also lighter smoking.
Asian American	1254 , cross-sectional survey	California Chinese and Korean American lower-educated women were more likely to report greater exposure at home or work than higher-educated women, despite similar proportions of smoke-free rules at home, indoor work policies, and health knowledge.
Asian American	1355 , cross-sectional survey	Chinatown businesses about Philadelphia’s smoking ordinance and determined high general awareness but less knowledge about relevant details. Retail businesses had greater difficulty than restaurants with implementation and enforcement.
Reducing tobacco use and related diseases: community/state involvement
Black	456 , longitudinal study, leveraged partnership	The Nashville REACH project demonstrated that community partnerships and strategies, including policy change in a majority black community was associated with decreasing trends in daily smoking and smoking uptake, but not for quitting.
Asian American	1257 , longitudinal study, leveraged partnership	A community-level education strategy that included tobacco decreased smoking prevalence and increased quit ratios among Asian American/Pacific Islander (Vietnamese, Cambodian, mixed) men in three states.
Reducing tobacco use and related diseases: prevention of tobacco use
American Indian	958 , program development, pilot	An innovative and interactive supplemental tobacco curriculum was developed for Native American youth, who have high prevalence rates despite required tobacco education in Washington schools. This project incorporated social development models and skill-based approaches.
Reducing tobacco use and related diseases: treatment of nicotine addiction
Black	559 , randomized trial	A provider training intervention was conducted with black physicians on national guidelines for treating tobacco. Medical charts were abstracted pre- and post-intervention, demonstrating significant improvement in asking, advising, assessing, assisting, and arranging follow-up on smoking cessation.
American Indian/ Alaska Native	814 , program development	As part of community programming, a youth retreat was conducted to decrease tobacco use, a culturally tailored video was developed to inform pregnant women of tobacco health risks, and Tobacco Treatment Specialists were trained and certified.
Asian American	1360 , randomized trial	Chinese and Korean American smokers who participated in a brief, culturally-adapted smoking cessation intervention versus general health counseling had higher quit rates at 1 month but not 3 months.
Asian American	1361 , randomized trial, Pilot	A culturally-sensitive smoking intervention program for low-income Chinese American smokers in New York City demonstrated higher quit rates at 6 months than the control.
Latino	1562 , program development	Three “Quit & Win” contests funded by American Lung Association in Washington were determined to be a relatively inexpensive activity and aroused interest, involved families, and helped smokers to quit with high cessation rates at 1 month.
Latino	1763 , randomized trial, leveraged partnership	Smokers in a Spanish/English Internet smoking cessation trial across 68 countries were randomized to four conditions, from a basic guide to additional components (e-mail reminders, mood management lessons, an asynchronous bulletin board group), but there were no significant differences in treatments at 12 months.
Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander	1964 , quasi-experimental	A random review of charts in five operationally-independent Native Hawaiian Health Care Systems demonstrated improved documentation about tobacco use (almost all) and intervention (over half to all) with linkage of smokers to quit line, medication, and/or intensive treatment.
Underserved	2165 , quasi-experimental, pilot, leveraged partnership	A smokeless tobacco cessation program, entitled “Enough Snuff,” was adapted and implemented in rural Pennsylvania. Through targeted print and broadcast media, 25 people called to inquire about the program and eight completed the program. Quit rates were high for both smokeless tobacco and all tobacco.
Reducing tobacco use and related diseases: countermarketing
Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander	198 , program development	“REAL”, Hawaii’s youth-led movement with more than 4000 young people members, aims to increase youth advocacy and reduce the industry’s influence over youth. One example of a countermarketing campaign reversed the messaging of a “Share the Love” free cigarette coupon from American Spirit to encourage youth instead to educate the community about the tobacco industry’s tactics and support quitting.
Research capacity and infrastructure (pilots repeated from tables above)
American Indian and Latino	11 and 1766 , case study	The study examined the development of community-specific conceptual frameworks for building capacity for tobacco control with case studies of two ethnic communities: an American Indian community in Oklahoma and the Hispanic/Latino Tobacco Education Partnership organizations in California. Capacity is contingent upon the presence of leadership, collaboration, programs, distribution of funds and resources, development of policies and an underlying understanding of community strengths, history, values and participation.
Native Hawaiian	198,67–70 , case study, leveraged partnerships	CNP #19’s socio-ecological approach to tobacco control for Native Hawaiians have been highlighted as a national example of sustainability using a dynamic and multifaceted approach: (1) a program based on findings from research focused on indigenous communities, (2) defining tobacco use and addiction in a social and cultural perspective, (3) understanding cultural background and traditions of the target communities for a sustainable program, and (4) working towards sustainability in an indigenous health setting.68 CNP #19 has been an active participant in two 5-year strategic plans (2005–201070 , 2011–20168 ) for tobacco prevention and control in Hawaii that were developed through an intensive community process involving over 250 individuals and organizations and culminated in the drafting of principles and priorities by over 100 stakeholders across the State of Hawaii. CNP #19 used the APPEAL Community Readiness Model67 to assess each Native Hawaiian Health Care System and demonstrate gaps, which led to the collaboration for systems change in addressing tobacco cessation. Infrastructure development to include Native Hawaiian data and engagement include the (1) Native Hawaiian Smokers’ Survey, conducted in 1999 and 2005 and then incorporated into Hawaii’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey8 and (2) a Native Hawaiian Institutional Review Board administered by CNP #19’s parent organization.69
Black	323 , cross-sectional survey, pilot	Smoking prevalence rates are highest for cigarettes, marijuana and blunts respectively among young adult black men in five counties of rural Alabama’s Black Belt region. Mini-cigar use was lower than expected.
Asian American	1238 , qualitative, pilot	Chinese current, former, and passive smokers described how smoking cessation relates to secondhand smoke concerns: (1) understanding secondhand smoke harms, (2) smoker empathy for the nonsmoker, (3) smoking- related interpersonal conflict, and (4) social environment restrictions.
Asian American	1241 , qualitative, pilot	Filipina high school girls in Hawaii identified factors facilitating smoking: relationship stress with family, being popular, academic stress, and getting cigarettes from family and friends. Top protective factors for smoking were being involved with sports and having family responsibilities.
Latino	1643 , observational study, pilot	Proactive recruitment (face-to-face contact by research staff) was comparable in efficiency and had lower incremental costs per additional enrollee compared to reactive recruitment (mass media and flyers) in enrolling Latino men (Central and South American) for a telephone-based tobacco survey in the DC metropolitan area.
Latino	1744 , observational study, pilot	Spanish-speaking immigrant smokers from the Houston area were intensively assessed around a quit date to examine mechanisms underlying the process of smoking cessation. The majority of participants were able to comply with this intensive assessment, and participants received behavior counseling and nicotine patches with half quitting at 4 weeks.
Native Hawaiian	1949 , experimental, pilot	Hawaiians have higher lung cancer incidence even after controlling for smoking, but while the ciliary function of Caucasians had higher mean velocities than Hawaiians this was not statistically significant.
American Indian	958 , program development, pilot	An innovative and interactive supplemental tobacco curriculum was developed for Native American youth, who have high prevalence rates despite required tobacco education in Washington schools. This project incorporated social development models and skill-based approaches.
Asian American	1361 , randomized trial, pilot	A culturally-sensitive smoking intervention program for low-income Chinese American smokers in New York City demonstrated higher quit rates at 6 months than the control.
Underserved	2165 , quasi-experimental, pilot, leveraged partnership	A smokeless tobacco cessation program, entitled “Enough Snuff,” was adapted and implemented in rural Pennsylvania. Through targeted print and broadcast media, 25 people called to inquire about the program and 8 completed the program; quit rates were high for both smokeless tobacco and all tobacco.

CNP = Community Networks Program.