Figure 4.

Combined overexpression of Pax9 and Bmp4 alters gene expression associated with odontoblast differentiation in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCLCs). Pax9 and Bmp4 expression plasmids were cotransfected into second passage iNCLCs by electroporation followed by 2 days of culture. Expression levels of Pax9 (A), Msx1 (B), Bmp4 (C), Dmp1 (D), and Dspp (E) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The different letters (a, b, and c) indicate significant differences between the groups. Only in (B), asterisk represents significant difference between the control and Pax9 groups evaluated by Student’s t test; p < .01; n = 3.