Table 2.
Pregnancy and delivery outcomes according to areca nut use
| Outcomes | Non-users | Occasional users (<1 nut/d) | Mild Users (1-2 nuts/d) | Moderate Users (3–5 nuts/d) | Heavy users (>5 nuts/d) | Pa | Pb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miscarriage | 0.5 | (2/371) | 0.0 | (0/254) | 0.6 | (3/539) | 0.2 | (1/590) | 0.0 | (0/461) | 0.34 | 0.27 |
| Stillbirth | 1.1 | (4/371) | 1.6 | (4/254) | 1.9 | (10/539) | 2.2 | (13/590) | 2.0 | (9/461) | 0.80 | 0.39 |
| Congenital abnormality | 1.4 | (5/371) | 0.4 | (1/254) | 0.6 | (3/539) | 0.5 | (3/590) | 1.1 | (5/461) | 0.52 | 0.19 |
| Birthweight (g) | 2966 | [493] | 2996 | [507] | 2928 | [460] | 2955 | [468] | 2971 | [457] | 0.49 | 0.76 |
| LBW (<2,500 g) | 14.5 | (45/310) | 13.8 | (29/210) | 15.1 | (64/424) | 12.1 | (57/470) | 14.1 | (50/355) | 0.76 | 0.71 |
| Gestational age (exact weeks) | 39.4 | [1.6] | 39.2 | [1.5] | 39.5 | [1.6] | 39.3 | [1.9] | 39.4 | [1.6] | 0.69 | 0.84 |
| PTD (<37 weeks) | 6.6 | (14/212) | 7.7 | (11/143) | 8.6 | (21/245) | 7.8 | (23/308) | 8.4 | (20/239) | 0.95 | 0.46 |
| Male infant | 39.1 | (123/309) | 44.0 | (92/209) | 44.2 | (187/423) | 48.2 | (226/469) | 46.6 | (165/354) | 0.21 | 0.045 |
| Cord haemoglobin (Hb), g/dL | 13.8 | [2.3] | 14.3 | [2.4] | 13.8 | [2.6] | 13.6 | [2.5] | 13.8 | [2.3] | 0.27 | 0.98 |
| Hb, g/dL | 10.5 | [1.7] | 10.3 | [1.7] | 10.1 | [1.7] | 9.9 | [1.7] | 10.0 | [1.6] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hb <11 g/dL | 63.9 | (182/285) | 72.7 | (141/194) | 74.0 | (279/377) | 76.9 | (326/424) | 75.9 | (242/319) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 85.5 | [79.3–93.3] | 87.3 | [80.0–95.7] | 86.6 | [80.0–94.0] | 84.0 | [78.3–92.0] | 84.7 | [78.3–92.0] | 0.003 | 0.41 |
NOTE: Data are % (n), mean [standard deviation], or median [interquartile range]. LBW low birthweight, PTD preterm delivery, MAP, mean arterial pressure
a P-values for comparison across all 5 groups. Bonferroni adjusted P-value: 0.005
b P- values for comparison of users (occasional, mild, moderate, heavy) versus non-users