Table 3.

Maternal and infant characteristics and association with birthweight (n = 1,769)

Factors		Low birthweight	P	Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI)e	P	Birthweight (g)	∆	P	Adjusted ∆e	P
Areca nut	Yes	200/1459 (13.7)				2957
	No	45/310 (14.5)	0.71	0.94 (065, 1.38)	0.77	2966	−9	0.76	−1	0.97
Smoking	Yes	53/349 (15.2)				2935
	No	192/1420 (13.5)	0.42	-		2694	−29	0.30	-
Malariaa	Yes	24/194 (12.4)				2923
	No	221/1575 (14.0)	0.53	-		2963	−40	0.27	-
Highlanderb	Yes	6/111 (5.4)				3263
	No	239/1,658 (14.1)	0.008	0.34 (0.14, 0.80)	0.013	2938	325	<0.001	311	<0.001
Primigravida	Yes	175/869 (20.1)				2844
	No	70/900 (7.8)	<0.001	2.91 (2.13, 3.96)	<0.001	3048	−214	<0.001	−214	<0.001
Generating	Yes	148/1,215 (12.2)				2978
incomec	No	92/535 (17.2)	0.005	0.77 (0.57, 1.05)	0.09	2919	59	0.016	22	0.35
Bed net used	Regular	160/1253 (12.8)				2961
	Irregular	84/513 (16.4)	0.046	0.77 (0.56, 1.05)	0.10	2954	7	0.78	16	0.51
Height <150 cm	Yes	61/317 (19.2)				2827
	No	180/1423 (12.7	0.002	1.71 (1.22, 2.41)	0.002	2987	−160	<0.001	−151	<0.001
MUAC <23 cm	Yes	85/471 (18.1)				2861
	No	155/1260 (12.3)	0.002	1.49 (1.10, 2.03)	0.010	2994	−133	<0.001	−99	<0.001
Antenatal visits	1-2	60/316 (19.0)				2889
	≥3	185/1453 (12.7)	0.004	0.65 (0.46, 0.92)	0.014	2973	−84	0.004	−73	0.010
SPAZ-IPTp	Yes	107/892 (12.0)				2974
	No	138/877 (15.7)	0.023	0.64 (0.48, 0.85)	0.003	2942	32	0.15	44	0.041
Female infant	Yes	158/971 (16.3)				2925
	No	86/793 (10.8)	0.001	1.64 (1.22, 2.22)	0.001	2999	−74	0.001	−78	<0.001

Note: Data are n (%). CI confidence interval, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference

^aPeripheral parasitaemia at any stage during pregnancy, by light microscopy

^bBoth maternal parents are from highlands region

^cPartner

^dInsecticide-treated and untreated nets combined, irregular users include 9 non-users

^eModel includes 1680 observations