Table 2.
Reported results on validity and reliability (unless otherwise reported, all values are for depression subscales)
| Measure | Citation | Validated | Population | Sample size | Content validity | Construct validity | Criterion validity | Reliability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | ||||||||
| Lin and Hung [39] | No | VN immigrant women living in Taiwan | n = 143 | Translated and back translated in VN | – | – | α = 0.80 | |
| Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | ||||||||
| Tran et al. [47] | Yes | VN immigrants in the United States | Boston community sample (n = 324); Nationwide sample (n = 452) | One item (“I felt that I was just as good as other people”) excluded for poor conceptual equivalence | – | – | Community sample α = 0.90; Nationwide sample α = 0.91 | |
| Leggett et al. [64] | No | VN adults 55 years and older in Da Nang and surrounding areas | n = 600 | Translated and back translated | – | – | α = 0.85 | |
| Nguyen et al. [14] | No | Secondary students in Can Tho, Vietnam | n = 1161 | – | – | – | – | |
| Gellis et al. [42] | No | VN immigrants in the US receiving psychiatric services | n = 79 | – | – | – | α = 0.85 and α = 0.82 at two time points | |
| To et al. [35] | No | Older adults receiving cataract surgery in HCMC | n = 413 patients with 40 % loss to follow up | Translated and back translated | – | – | – | |
| Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) | ||||||||
| Rees et al. [33] | No | Random sample in one rural and one urban district in the MKD region | n = 3039 | – | CIDI underreported depression prevalence (1.6 %) vs. the PVPS (7.4 %) | – | – | |
| Steel et al. (2009) [34] | Yes | VN population living in Vietnam and one living in Australia compared with an Australian-born population | n = 3039 in the MKD region, n = 1161 VN people living in Australia | Translated and back translated | MKD sample: CIDI and PVPS combined prevalence of 8.8 %. CIDI identified 42 unique cases, the PVPS 208, and both identified 16 cases. AUS sample: combined prevalence 11.7 %, CIDI indentified 38 cases, the PVPS 58 cases and both 40 cases | MKD Sample-depression subscale: AUC = 0.65 [95 % CI 0.56–0.73]. AUS sample-depression subscale: AUC = 0.73, (95 % CI 0.64–0.81) | – | |
| Liddell et al. [50] | No | A VN sample from the MKD, a VN immigrant population in Australia and an Australian-born sample | n = 3039 in the MKD, n = 1161 VN people living in Australia | CIDI translated and back translated | – | – | – | |
| Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) | ||||||||
| Tran et al. [29] | Yes | Mothers in a rural northern Vietnam | n = 221 | – | One factor (emotional state) significant, eigenvalue = 1.86 | For cut-off of >10: Se: 80.8 %, Sp: 77.4 %; AUC 80.4 % | α = 0.72 | |
| Nguyen et al. [14] | No | Students in Hue, Vietnam | n = 623 | Translated and back translated | – | – | α = 0.81 | |
| Fisher [25] | No | Pregnant women in Ha Nam, Vietnam | n = 6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Four Measures of Mental Health (FMoMH) | ||||||||
| Phan, Steel and Silove [40] | No | Patients in Australia attending public psychiatric services and patients of general primary healthcare services | n = 86 psychiatric patients, n = 99 primary care patients | In cultural sensitivity questionnaire, participants responded: Words easy to understand = 30 %; Idioms that are familiar = 33 %; Individual questions constructed in meaningful way = 15 %; Symptoms that are similar to your or people you know = 15 %; Helpful in assisting a doctor identify mental illness: 22 % | MT-MM assessment showed a reliability of 0.94 for the depression subscale and showed that the 3 depression measures used in the study (PVPS, HSCL, FMoMH had the highest level of convergent validity | – | – | |
| General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) | ||||||||
| McKelvey, Webb, and Strobel [38] | Yes | “Amerasians” in Vietnam before their emigration to the US | n = 42 assessed for DSM-III depression, n = 5 cases | – | GHQ identified 2 of 5 DSM cases and 2 of 35 subjects without a DSM diagnosis as being in clinical range | . | – | |
| Indochinese Hopkins Symptom Checklist (iHSCL) | ||||||||
| Hinton et al. [43] | Yes | Newly-arrived adult VN refugees undergoing health screening in US | n = 206 | Excluded item on loss of sexual interest, as deemed culturally inappropriate | – | Se = 86 %; Sp = 93 %; PPV = 48 %; AUC = 0.91 (SE = 0.06) | – | |
| Smith Fawzi et al. [46] | Yes | VN former POWs in US | n = 62 | – | – | Using cut-off of 1.75: Se = 0.87; Sp = 0.7; AUC = 0.8916 (SD = 0.0448) | – | |
| McKelvey, Webb and Strobel [38] | Yes | “Amerasians” in Vietnam before emigration to the US | n = 42 assessed for DSM-III depression, n = 5 cases | – | The HSCL-25 identified 4 out 5 of the DSM-III diagnosed cases | – | ||
| Phan, Steel and Silove [40] | No | Patients in Australia attending public psychiatric services and patients of general primary healthcare services | n = 86 psychiatric patients, n = 99 primary care patients | In cultural sensitivity questionnaire, participants responded: words easy to understand = 30 %; Idioms that are familiar = 34 %; Individual questions constructed in meaningful way = 18 %; Symptoms that are similar to your or people you know = 19 %; Helpful in assisting a doctor identify mental illness: 27 % | MT-MM assessment showed a reliability of 0.94 for the depression subscale and showed that the 3 depression measures used in the study (PVPS, HSCL, FMoMH had the highest level of convergent validity | |||
| McKelvey and Webb [38] | No | VN migrants to the US, pre and post migration | n = 161 | – | – | – | – | |
| Phan Vietnamese Psychiatric Scale (PVPS) | ||||||||
| Phan, Steel and Silove [40] | Yes | Sample 1 recruited from mental health service and local primary care services and sample 2 recruited from two psycho-education classes in Australia | Sample 1: n = 185 and Sample 2: n = 64 | Extensive review of traditional literature and an ethnographic survey. In cultural sensitivity questionnaire, participants responded: Words easy to understand = 43 %; Idioms that are familiar = 57 %; Individual questions constructed in meaningful way = 32 %; Symptoms that are similar to your or people you know = 32 %; Helpful in assisting a doctor identify mental illness: 42 % | CFA performed on responses from Study 1 and Study 2 showed four-factor model most appropriate (Chi square results decreased from 3858 for 1 factor model to 214 for 4 factor model in 1st administration and from 3862 to 66 in 2nd administration). MT-MM showed reliability of 0.95 for the depression subscale and showed that the 3 depression measures used in the study (PVPS, HSCL, FMoMH) had the highest level of convergent validity compared with other sub-scales | Compared to psychiatrist diagnosis: Se = 83; Sp = 80; Overall agreement = 81; K = 0.62; PVPS cut-off = 1.95. Compared with DIS interview: Se = 84; Sp = 78; Overall agreement = 81; PVPS cut-off = 1.95. Compared with naturalist assessment: Se = 84; Sp = 87; Overall agreement = 85; PVPS cut-off = 1.85 | Test–retest correlations for depression scale = 0.89; α for depression subscale in psychiatric sample: 0.93 at baseline and 0.94 at follow-up; in primary care sample: 0.95 at baseline and 0.95 at follow-up | |
| Steel et al. [34] | Yes | VN population living in Vietnam and one living in Australia, compared with an Australian-born population. | n = 3039 in the MKD region, n = 1161 VN people living AUS | – | MKD sample: CIDI and PVPS combined prevalence of 8.8 %. CIDI identified 42 unique cases, the PVPS 208, and both identified 16 cases. AUS sample: combined prevalence 11.7 % with the CIDI indentifying 38 cases, the PVPS 58 cases and both 40 cases | MKD sample- depression subscale: AUC = 0.65 [95 % CI 0.56–0.73]. AUS sample = depression subscale: AUC = 0.73, [95 % CI 0.64–0.81] | – | |
| Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) | ||||||||
| Tuan, Harpham and Huong [30] | Yes | Portion of random sample of female participants from child poverty study in Hung Yen, Vietnam. | n = 32 cases and n = 34 control | Translated and back translated | Compared with psychiatrist diagnosis (based on average of 3 interviews): Se = 73 %; Sp = 82 %; PCC = 79 %; AUC = 0.84 (95 % CI 0.75–0.94) | Inter-rater reliability at cut-off 7/8: K = 0.79 (z = 11.13, p < 0.001). | ||
| Richardson et al. [31] | No | Adults in Da Nang and Khanh Hoa, Vietnam | n = 4981 | – | – | – | – | |
| Son et al. [28] | No | Male MMORPG players in Hanoi, Vietnam | n = 344 players and n = 344 non-players | – | – | – | – | |
| Harpham et al. [27] | No | Mothers in 20 community sites in Vietnam | n = 1570 | – | – | – | – | |
| Giang et al. [26] | Yes | Adult patients at district hospital and a sample from general community in rural northern Vietnam. | District hospital: n = 52. General community: n = 485 | Translated and back translated. Researchers and health workers modified as needed. Piloted with patients, staff and community members at NIMH, district hospital and Bavi district. Report high face validity, but indicate that certain questions might lead to false “no” responses based on gender of respondent | – | A psychiatrist’s diagnosis using the CIDI used for comparison. Community sample: Optimal cut-off = 6/7; Se = 85 %; Sp = 61 %; Misclassification rate = 29 %; AUC = 0.86 [95 % CI 0.81–0.93]. Hospital sample: Optimal cut-off = 5/6; Se = 85 %; Sp = 46 %; Misclassification rate = 44 %; AUC = 0.74 [95 % CI 0.59- 0.89] | – | |
| De Silva et al. [24] | No | Primary caregivers of children in 20 semi-purposefully selected clusters in each of four countries (including Vietnam) | 100 households in each cluster | – | – | – | – | |
| Stratton et al. [6] | Yes | VN adults in Da Nang and Khanh Hoa | n = 4980 | – | 1 factor EFA: CFI = 0.924; TLI = 0.915; RMSEA = 0.065; Bi-Factor Model: CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.030 | – | α = 0.87 | |
| Vietnamese Depression Scale (VDS) | ||||||||
| Hinton et al. [43] | Yes | Newly-arrived adult VN refugees undergoing routine, mandatory health screening in US | n = 206 | Using cut-off of 12: Sp: 98 %; Se: 64 %; PPV: 75 %; NPV: 97 % (based on prevalence of major depression of 7 %). Cut-off of 11: Se = 79 %. AUC = 0.93 (SE = 0.05) | ||||
| Dinh et al. [41] | Yes | Adult VN refugees in Houston, US | n = 180 | – | PCA showed three factors with eigenvalues of >1, which were supported by the analysis of a Scree plot. For the three extracted factors: factor 1 (depressed affect): 40.8 % of variance, α = 0.92; factor 2 (somatic) 14.2 % of variance, α = 0.80; factor 3 (cultural specific) 10.1 % of variance, α = 0.81 | – | ||
| Nguyen et al. [15] | Yes | People who had already been diagnosed by a psychiatrist and patients presenting at a primary care clinic in HCMC, Vietnam | Previously-diagnosed patients: n = 115; Screened primary care patients: n = 177 | Added item on sleep disturbance. Six items chosen more frequently by depressed subjects: feeling downhearted/low-spirited, low-spirited/bored, bothered and sad/bothered | ||||
| McKelvey, Webb and Strobel [45] | Yes | “Amerasians” in Vietnam before emigration to the US | n = 42 assessed for DSM-III depression, n = 5 cases | – | – | VDS did not identify any DSM-III cases or other subjects as being in clinical range | – | |
| McKelvey and Webb [38] | No | VN migrants to the US, before and after migration | n = 161 | – | – | – | – | |