Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of all European American participants recruited to the DHS-Mind study (n=893) and the subgroup previously enrolled in initial examination (n=572)
| DHS-Mind Sample (n=893)3 | Initial Enrollment (n=572)3 | p-value2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean±SD or % | Median (range) | Mean±SD or % | Median (range) | ||
| Demographic Information | |||||
| Age (years) | 65.8±9.7 | 66.3(37.7–93.2) | 67.3±8.9 | 67.5(41.3–89.2) | 1.5×10−9 |
| Gender (% female) | 52.9% | 54.6% | 0.054 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5±6.7 | 31.4(14.6–59.0) | 31.6±6.6 | 30.4(17.6–58.4) | 6.3×10−6 |
| % smoking (current or past) | 54.6% | 55.9% | 0.746 | ||
| Hypertension (%) | 86.9% | 88.1% | 0.027 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 130.3±17.8 | 128(86–216) | 132±18.1 | 131(89–216) | 1.3×10−6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.4±10.4 | 71(39–121) | 70.2±10.4 | 70(39–121) | 1.4×10−6 |
| Self-reported history of prior CVD | 34.9% | 33.5% | 0.991 | ||
| CES-D score | 7.5±5.3 | 6 (0–29) | 7.1±5.2 | 6 (0–29) | 0.021 |
|
| |||||
| Type 2 Diabetes | |||||
| Type 2 diabetes affected (%) | 87.6% | 80.9% | 4.6×10−18 | ||
| Diabetes Duration (years) | 15.4±7.7 | 13.6(0.4–45.0) | 16.6±7.0 | 14.7(1.9–44.5) | 7.4×10−7 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) (%) | 54.4 | 127(40–408) | 121(40–349) | 5.2×10−5 | |
| Hemoglobin A1C | 141.2± 7.3±1.4 | 7(1.9–14.8) | 134±48.9 7.1±1.3 | 6.8(4.9–14.8) | 2.5×10−4 |
|
| |||||
| Medication Use | |||||
| Anti-diabetic Medication1 | 73.2% | 67.1% | 2.1×10−6 | ||
| Cholesterol-lowering Medication | 52.4% | 53.7% | 0.184 | ||
| Anti-hypertensive Medication | 67.4% | 73.1% | 1.3×10−5 | ||
|
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| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 14.8% | 17.8% | 4.9×10−10 | ||
| High school | 47.7% | 53.9% | |||
| Greater than high school | 37.5% | 28.3% | |||
|
| |||||
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.5±41.8 | 181(65–391) | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.4±11.6 | 42(14–102) | |||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.9±32.1 | 104(14–221) | |||
| Triglycerides | 192.9±128.8 | 161(30–1310) | |||
|
| |||||
| Coronary Artery Calcified Plaque (CAC) | 1290.2±3189.4 | 204(0–50415) | |||
|
| |||||
| Cognitive Function Test Scores | |||||
| Modified Mini Mental State Exam (3MSE) | 90.9±7.1 | 92(43–100) | 90.4±7.3 | 92(43–100) | 0.001 |
| Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) | 50±16 | 50(10–106) | 47.6±15.3 | 47(10–98) | 9.7×10−9 |
| Stroop | 34.2±19.6 | 29(2–161) | 35.8±20.3 | 30(2–161) | 5.2×10−5 |
| Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) | 41.2±10.2 | 41(11–66) | 41.8±10.2 | 42(11–66) | 0.241 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 29.7±11.7 | 29(2–67) | 28.7±11.6 | 28(2–67) | 8.2×10−4 |
| Semantic Fluency | 30.8±8.5 | 30(11–69) | 29.8±7.9 | 29(11–60) | 9.9×10−6 |
|
| |||||
| Imaging | |||||
| Total brain volume (TBV) (cc) | 1092±112 | 1080(775–1448) | 1085±113 | 1072(775–1448) | 0.009 |
| White matter lesion volume (WMLV) (cc) | 4.5±8.3 | 1.5(0–103.3) | 4.4±7.1 | 1.6(0–59.6) | 0.060 |
| Gray matter volume (GMV) (cc) | 519±54 | 517(373–709) | 511±51 | 508(375–660) | 1.4×10−8 |
| White matter volume (WMV) (cc) | 573±70 | 568(400–815) | 574±71 | 569(400–815) | 0.603 |
| Total intracranial volume (ICV) (cc) | 1350±138 | 1337(985–1759) | 1340±139 | 1328(985–1759) | 0.002 |
| Fractional anisotropy white matter (WMFA) | 0.35±0.03 | 0.35(0.26–0.42) | 0.36±0.02 | 0.36(0.29–0.42) | 9.4×10−20 |
| Fractional anisotropy gray matter (GMFA) | 0.20±0.02 | 0.20(0.14–0.35) | 0.21±0.02 | 0.21(0.15–0.26) | 9.5×10−18 |
| Mean diffusivity white matter (WMMD) | 0.79±0.05 | 0.79(0.63–0.95) | 0.79±0.05 | 0.79(0.63–0.95) | 0.162 |
| Mean diffusivity gray matter (GMMD) | 1.09±0.09 | 1.08(0.68–1.38) | 1.09±0.09 | 1.09(0.80–1.38) | 0.104 |
| Gray matter cerebral blood flow (GMCBF) (mL/100g of tissue/min) | 45.0±17.3 | 42.8(9.0–134.9) | 46.7±18.2 | 44.1(9.1–134.9) | 5.9×10−5 |
either oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin
The comparison between those who were in the initial enrollment and those who were not using marginal models
Some variables have missing data, so the sample size for each variable is listed below. The sample size for DHS-Mind sample: BMI 891; CES-D score 749; type 2 diabetes duration 745; glucose and HbA1c 845; 3MSE 892; DSST 889; Stroop 883; RAVLT 891; fluency: 849; TBV 717; WMLV 742; GMV, WMV, and ICV 718; WMFA, GMFA, WMMD, and GMMD 671; GMCBF 615. The sample size for the initial enrollment cohort: BMI 571; CES-D score 429; type 2 diabetes duration 429; glucose and HbA1c 527; coronary calcified plaque 532; 3MSE 571; DSST 569; Stroop 565; RAVLT 570; semantic and phonemic fluency: 529; WMLV 448; GMV, WMV, TBV, and ICV 480; WMFA, GMFA, WMMD, and GMMD 476; GMCBF 449.