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Oxidative biomarkers for cell membrane lipid peroxidation. (A, B) Western blot showed that MDA and HNE protein levels increased in primary HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic media, but decreased by cocultured with 20 mM of L-carnitine. **P < 0.01, compared with 312 mOsM; ∧P < 0.05, as compared with 450 mOsM. (C) Representative images showed the immunohistochemical staining of MDA and HNE in primary HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic media without or with L-carnitine.
