Table 1.

Summary of trenching safety training for construction case study.

SB OSH model steps
Intervention	A half-day training course was delivered by an equipment supplier, KY OSHA and trade association, with venue supplied by community college Content included regulatory requirements, safe work practices, and on-site demonstration of trench safety technology Cost for participants ranged from $25 to $40
Initiator–intermediary phase
1. Analyze characteristics of SBs and potential intermediaries	SBs are less likely to use safe trenching procedures and trench safety equipment KY OSHA had identified SB’s need for training KY OSHA and the trenching equipment supplier were already supplying training to customers Trade association offered training to members and was interested in needing new ways to engage with potential members
2. Analyze ways that intermediaries perceive provision of OSH info. and services to SBs	KY OHSA and trade association recognized need for safety training specifically focused on trenching amongst SBs for whom trenching is not their main work Supplier recognized safety training as adding value to relationship to customers Trade association viewed training as added value for membership
3. Develop messages and select channels for reaching intermediaries	There is a unique opportunity to reach SBs with OSH training by collaborating NIOSH can assist with development, promotion, and evaluation
4. Engage intermediaries using selected strategies	NIOSH made personal contacts to each intermediary NIOSH conducted telephone meetings including all intermediaries
Intermediary–small business phase
5. Analyze ways that SBs perceive OSH	SBs need trench safety training that is focused on basic requirements since it is not their only area of work OSH training cannot interfere with the busy season when production is the priority
6. Develop messages and select channels for reaching SBs	A promotional flyer emphasized that the course is focused on basic trenching regulations and includes on-site demonstration of the latest technology Flyers were distributed to 3000 trade association members, 40,000 OSHA listserv subscribers, and 600 equipment supplier clients
7. Engage SBs using selected strategies	Four ½ day courses were conducted over 2 days There were 80 total participants of which 33 came from 13 SBs
8. SBs engage in workplace prevention activities	Attendees intended to apply safe work practices in their business (58 respondents indicated they were likely or certain to apply what they learned) Attendees intended to attend future safety demonstrations for other construction activities (59 respondents indicated they were likely or certain)
Lessons learned	The supplier of trenching equipment and the trade association ran the course again six months later and expected to continue offering the course The intervention was sustainable at the intermediary level because they benefited from it