Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Clinical data | COPD patients (n=16) |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age, years | 66.3±8.4 |
| Sex, male/female (n) | 16/0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7±4.2 |
| Race, (Caucasian/other) | 16/0 |
| Echocardiogram | |
| LVEF, % | 67.1±4.4 |
| RV diameter, mm | 22.2±3.4 |
| LVDD, normal/type I, n (%) | 1 (0.06)/15 (0.94) |
| BNP, pg/mL | 17.3±18.7 |
| mMRC, 1/2/3, n (%) | 10 (62.5)/5 (31.3)/1 (6.3) |
| Smoking, never/ex/current | 0/16/0 |
| pack-years | 48.0±26.9 |
| Lung function | |
| Forced vital capacity, % predicted | 92.6±21.1 |
| FEV1, % predicted | 53.9±19.7 |
| FEV1/forced vital capacity | 44.0±10.8 |
| Total lung capacity, % predicted | 113.8±16.6 |
| Inspiratory capacity, % predicted | 88.5±24.8 |
| IC/TLC | 0.36±0.09 |
| Residual volume, % predicted | 164.6±40.3 |
| RV/TLC | 0.48±0.08 |
| Raw (cmH2O/L/sec) | 3.5±1.2 |
| DLCO, % predicted | 54.3±20.6a |
| MIP (cmH2O/% predicted) | −92±32/92±30 |
| MEP (cmH2O/% predicted) | 126±30/112±24 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 70.2±6.3 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 37.1±4.7 |
| SO2, % | 93±2 |
| Main comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 9 (56.3) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 3 (18.8) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 5 (31.3) |
| Sleep apnea | 2 (12.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 13 (81.3) |
| Osteoporosis | 2 (12.5) |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation | 1 (6.3) |
| CAD | 1 (6.3) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 1 (6.3) |
| Alcoholism, ex/current | 5 (31.3)/0 |
| Therapies, n (%) | |
| LABA | 1 (6.3) |
| LABA + ICS | 5 (31.3) |
| LABA + ICS + LAMA | 9 (56.3) |
| LABA + LAMA | 1 (6.3) |
| Beta-blockers | 0 |
| ACE inhibitors | 6 (37.5) |
| Amlodipine | 5 (31.3) |
| Spironolactone | 1 (6.3) |
| Diltiazem | 1 (6.3) |
| Amiodarone | 1 (6.3) |
| Furosemide | 1 (6.3) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 6 (37.5) |
| Aspirin | 2 (12.5) |
| Statin | 5 (31.3) |
| Metformin | 3 (18.8) |
| Other hypoglycemics | 1 (6.3) |
| Warfarin | 1 (6.3) |
Notes: Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as mean ± SD.
Thirteen patients were able to achieve acceptable test criteria for DLCO.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; IC/TLC, inspiratory capacity/total lung capacity ratio; Raw, airway resistance; DLCO, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximal expiratory pressure; CAD, coronary arterial disease; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LAMA, long-acting anticholinergics; ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme.