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Proposed mechanism of CS-induced mitophagy. CS damages mitochondria leading to loss of membrane potential. In addition, CS stabilizes the accumulating PINK1 protein, which recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Mitochondrial proteins are ubiquitinated by parkin, allowing for mitochondria to be engulfed by isolation membranes that fuse with lysosomes. CS, cigarette smoke; PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; Ub, ubiquitin.
