Table 4.
Tissue Concentrations of Central Nervous Systems Select Toxicants in Central Nervous Systems Diseases
| Toxin | CNS effects | Species | Observed tissue concentrations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MeHg | Focal brain lesionsa | Human | 4.5–50 μg/g Hg in hair | (204) |
| Neurodevelopmental disordersb | Human | 10–20 ppm Hg in maternal hair | (43) | |
| DAergic neurodegeneration | Caenorhabdtis elegans | 1 ng Hg/g protein | (110) | |
| Mouse primary cultured mesencephalic cells | 1 μM | (60) | ||
| Mn | DAergic neurodegeneration | C. elegans | 5–10 nmol Mn/1000 worms | (8, 17) |
| Macaca fascicularis | 65–85 μg/L Mn in blood | (66, 189) | ||
| 0.220–3.25 μg/g Mn brain | ||||
| OP | ADHD | Human | 24.4–186.0 nM total DAP in urine | (20, 109) |
| 78.6–109.0 nM total DAP in blood | ||||
| Pb | AD | M. fascicularis | 19–26 μg/dl blood Pb | (197) |
| Rat | 46.43±1.95 μg/dl blood Pb | (15) | ||
| Cognitive decline | Human | <10 μg/dl blood Pb | (27, 96) | |
| ALS | Human | 14.9–20.5 μg/g bone Pb | (89, 90) | |
| 5.2 μg/dl blood Pb | ||||
| Rotenone | DAergic neurodegeneration | Rat | 20–30 nM rotenone in brain | (18) |
Resulting in the following neurological problems: paresthesia, blurred vision, hearing impairment, olfactory and gustatory disturbances, slurred speech, ataxic gait, clumsiness, muscle weakness, dysarthria, irritability, memory loss, depression, and sleeping disturbances.
Microcephaly and inhibition of neuronal migration, distortion of cortical layers, cerebellar abnormalities, alterations in neurotransmitter systems, and alterations in glial cells.
AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CNS, central nervous systems; DAergic, dopaminergic; DAP, dialkyl phosphate metabolite; MeHg, methylmercury; OP, organophosphates.