. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 21.

Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Apr 15;49(9):5277–5287. doi: 10.1021/es506351r

Table 3.

Effect of Cellulose Nanomaterials on Pore Size and Porosity in Polymer Nanocomposites

type of membrane	material	max pore size	average pore size	porosity	reference
MF electrospun fibers	PAN	780 nm	660 nm	80%	68
MF electrospun fibers	PAN + PVAm-CNF	730 nm	380 nm	80%
MD electrospun fibers	PVDF-HFP	700 nm	500 nm	>75%	70
	PVDF-HFP + 1 wt % CNC	400 nm	330 nm	75%
	PVDF-HFP + 4 wt % CNC		270 nm	60%
UF	PES		50 nm	88%	71
	PES + 1 wt % CNF		70.9 nm	55%
	PES + 4 wt % CNF		53 nm	57%
UF hemodialysis	CNF		21 nm		77
UF hemodialysis	CNF + PPy		53 nm
NF	CNF (5 nm)		1.6 – 2.4 nm		64
NF	CNF (50 nm)		5 – 5.5 nm