Table 5.

Selection of frequently applied procedures for signal quantification in LA-ICP-MS analysis

Quantification approach	Biogenic carbonates	Hard tissues	Soft tissue	Powdered samples	Liquid samples
CRM/SRM	27, 38–48, 50–54	58–62		108, 118, 121, 123	154
In-house prepared standards
Non matrix-matched standards
Use of well-characterized materials	43	64–68			158
Thin films on sample or substrate			94
Gelatin, agarose gel, sol-gel standards			91, 92, 93	32
Printed pattern			95, 96		167, 168
Dried droplets (aqueous standards)					127, 138, 154, 157
Matrix-matched standards
Preparation of pellets	69			71, 109, 111, 112
Fusion to disks	31, 32			29, 33, 113–115
Embedding into polymer resin			97	116, 120
Homogenized tissues			90
Matrix-adjusted dried droplets					155, 164, 169–173
Specific approaches		63, 66, 67
Nebulized liquid standards
Calibration/standard addition	64, 65		88, 89	117
IDMS			89, 103	107
Internal standard correction
Sample-inherent element	27, 28, 38, 39, 43, 46	58–67	75, 104	29, 118, 123, 125
Homogeneously spiked to the sample			90, 97	110, 114	127, 139, 160, 169
Applied as thin layer on/below sample			79, 94, 95, 100		160
On-line addition of dried aerosol			88, 89