Table 1.
Bivariate Association with Disease-Specific In-Hospital Mortality
| Categorical Variable | In-Hospital Death by Congestive Heart Failure | In-Hospital Death by Acute Myocardial Infarction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 5,718) n (%) | No (n = 5,384) n (row %) | Yes (n = 334) n (row %) | p-value | Total (n = 5,703) n (%) | No (n = 5,223) n (row %) | Yes (n = 480) n (row %) | p-value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 2,488 (44) | 2,344 (94) | 144 (6) | 0.88 | 2,244 (39) | 2,046 (91) | 198 (9) | 0.38 |
| Male | 3,230 (56) | 3,040 (94) | 190 (6) | 3,459 (61) | 3,177 (92) | 282 (8) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 1,485 (27) | 1,388 (93) | 97 (7) | <0.001 | 1,706 (31) | 1,600 (94) | 106 (6) | <0.001 |
| Chinese | 293 (5) | 270 (92) | 23 (8) | 280 (5) | 246 (88) | 34 (12) | ||
| Filipino | 942 (17) | 888 (94) | 54 (6) | 950 (17) | 883 (93) | 67 (7) | ||
| Hawaiian | 1,093 (20) | 1,045 (96) | 48 (4) | 776 (14) | 701 (90) | 75 (10) | ||
| Japanese | 994 (18) | 917 (92) | 77 (8) | 1,068 (20) | 949 (89) | 119 (11) | ||
| Other PI | 453 (8) | 304 (98) | 6 (2) | 443 (8) | 227 (92) | 21 (8) | ||
| Other* | 310 (6) | 435 (96) | 18 (4) | 248 (5) | 411 (93) | 32 (7) | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <60 | 1,534 (27) | 1,490 (97) | 44 (3) | <0.001 | 1,692 (30) | 1,624 (96) | 68 (4) | <0.001 |
| 60–69 | 1,031 (18) | 986 (96) | 45 (4) | 1,286 (23) | 1,181 (92) | 105 (8) | ||
| 70–79 | 1,175 (21) | 1,101 (94) | 74 (6) | 1,144 (20) | 1,055 (92) | 89 (8) | ||
| ≥80 | 1,978 (35) | 1,807 (91) | 171 (9) | 1,581 (28) | 1,363 (86) | 218 (14) | ||
| Payer type | ||||||||
| Medicaid | 726 (13) | 703 (97) | 23 (3) | <0.001 | 546 (10) | 511 (94) | 35 (6) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 3,809 (67) | 3,543 (93) | 266 (7) | 3,254 (57) | 2,892 (89) | 362 (11) | ||
| Private | 922 (16) | 889 (96) | 33 (4) | 1,642 (29) | 1,579 (96) | 63 (4) | ||
| Other | 261 (5) | 249 (95) | 12 (5) | 261 (5) | 241 (92) | 20 (8) | ||
| Patient’s area of residence† | ||||||||
| Rural | 1,776 (31) | 1,661 (94) | 115 (6) | 0.17 | 2,091 (37) | 1,949 (93) | 142 (7) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 3,931 (69) | 3,713 (94) | 218 (6) | 3,590 (63) | 3,252 (91) | 338 (9) | ||
| Admission type | ||||||||
| Elective | 181 (3) | 175 (97) | 6 (3) | 0.24 | 139 (2) | 136 (98) | 3 (2) | <0.001 |
| Emergency | 4,458 (78) | 4,188 (94) | 270 (6) | 3,781 (66) | 3,399 (90) | 382 (10) | ||
| Urgent | 1,079 (19) | 1,021 (95) | 58 (5) | 1,783 (31) | 1,688 (95) | 95 (5) | ||
| Hospital class† | ||||||||
| Rural | 1,534 (27) | 1,429 (93) | 105 (7) | 0.05 | 987 (17) | 890 (90) | 97 (10) | 0.079 |
| Urban | 4,184 (73) | 3,955 (95) | 229 (5) | 4,716 (83) | 4,333 (92) | 383 (8) | ||
| 3M risk of mortality | ||||||||
| Minor | 687 (12) | 684 (100) | 3 (0) | <0.001 | 1,303 (23) | 1,302 (100) | 1 (0) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 2,424 (42) | 2,370 (98) | 54 (2) | 1,797 (32) | 1,760 (98) | 37 (2) | ||
| Major | 1,977 (35) | 1,833 (93) | 144 (7) | 1,842 (32) | 1,687 (92) | 155 (8) | ||
| Extreme | 630 (11) | 497 (79) | 133 (21) | 761 (13) | 474 (62) | 287 (38) | ||
| Lab severity (categorical)‡ | ||||||||
| Mild | 1,690 (30) | 1,668 (99) | 22 (1) | <0.001 | 1,847 (32) | 1,824 (99) | 23 (1) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 2,057 (36) | 1,994 (97) | 63 (3) | 2,078 (36) | 2,001 (96) | 77 (4) | ||
| Severe | 1,971 (34) | 1,722 (87) | 249 (13) | 1,778 (31) | 1,398 (79) | 380 (21) | ||
| Continuous Variable | Mean ± SD (range) | Mean ± SD (range) | Mean ± SD (range) | Mean ± SD (range) | Mean ± SD (range) | Mean ± SD (range) | ||
| Lab severity (continuous) | 7.4 ± 3.4 (0–20) | 7.2 ± 3.3 (0–20) | 10.8 ± 3.7 (0–20) | <0.001 | 6.9 ± 4.1 (0–24) | 6.4 ± 3.7 (0–24) | 12.0 ± 4.2 (0–22) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay | 5.6 ± 7.5 (1–194) | 5.3 ± 6.6 (1–194) | 10.1 ± 15.4 (1–176) | <0.001 | 5.3 ± 7.8 (1–216) | 5.2 ± 7.2 (1–216) | 7.1 ± 12.4 (1–99) | 0.009 |
Note: “Other” includes black, Native American, Other Asian, Hispanic, etc.
Oahu area was defined as Urban and other areas in Hawaii were defined as Rural.
Lab Severity was categorized by tertiles for all patients for each specific disease and the minimum and maximum values of the tertiles were: (1) Congestive Heart Failure: Mild = 0–5, Moderate = 6–8, and Severe = 9–20. (2) Acute Myocardial Infarction: Mild = 0–3, Moderate = 4–6, and Severe = 10–24.
For categorical variable, Chi-squared tests or Fisher’s exact tests were performed.
For continuous variables, two sample t-tests or nonparametric Wilcoxon tests (if normality assumption was violated) were performed.
Other PI = Other Pacific Islanders.
3M Risk of Mortality = risk of mortality assigned by 3M based on administrative/claims data only.
Lab Severity = the number of abnormalities from admission lab at last hospitalization for each patient.
The number of lab abnormalities was categorized by tertiles with the minimum and maximum values: Mild = 0–5, Moderate = 6–8, and Severe = 9–20 for CHF; Mild = 0–4, Moderate = 5–8, and Severe = 9–24 for AMI.