Table 2.

Characteristics of Sample (n = 2,400) by Perceived Pressure for Induction and Cesarean

	Pressure for Induction			Pressure for Cesarean
	Yes (n = 352)	No (n = 2,048)	p-value	Yes (n = 293)	No (n = 2,107)	p-value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age category (years)
18–24	46.9	29.2	<.001	30.6	39.7	.06
25–29	24.2	29.0		28.8	25.0
30–34	18.6	25.9		24.8	24.7
35+	10.2	16.0		15.8	10.6
Race
White	48.5	55.5	.04	45.5	55.9	.16
Black	18.9	14.7		18.7	14.8
Hispanic	21.4	23.4		26.9	22.6
Other/multiple race	11.2	6.3		8.9	6.7
Foreign born	3.0	7.8	.01	6.6	7.1	.81
Married at time of birth	54.3	61.5	.07	57.3	60.9	.39
Education
H.S. or less	38.0	43.0	.03	38.8	42.8	.20
Some college/associate’s degree	25.0	29.2		25.6	29.0
Bachelor’s degree	20.7	17.3		22.8	17.1
Graduate education/degree	16.3	10.5		12.7	11.2
Region
Northeast	16.0	15.1	.65	16.7	15.0	.10
Midwest	19.3	23.3		15.0	23.9
South	42.5	39.2		44.5	38.9
West	22.1	22.5		23.8	22.2
Insurance type
Private	46.3	46.6	<.001	47.2	46.5	.001
Public (Medicaid or CHIP)	36.6	47.0		37.9	46.6
No insurance	17.1	6.4		14.9	6.9
Pregnancy characteristics
Mode of delivery
No prior deliveries	58.4	37.7	<.001	48.0	39.6	<.001
Most recent prior birth was vaginal	31.6	44.1		20.9	45.5
Most recent prior birth was by cesarean	10.0	18.3		31.1	14.9
Unintended pregnancy	40.6	34.5	.12	38.5	34.9	.38
Belief that childbirth is a process that should only be interfered with if medically necessary	57.0	58.7	.67	63.0	57.7	.22
Took childbirth education classes	62.8	29.3	<.001	53.4	31.3	<.001
Delivery provider
OB/GYN	50.4	72.0	<.001	61.3	69.9	.05
Family medicine doctor	9.3	11.1		5.9	12.4
Midwife	10.4	9.9		10.5	9.8
Other (or missing)	29.8	7.1		22.2	7.8
Never met delivery provider until labor and birth	16.5	21.9	.09	14.7	22.1	.02