Table 3.

Odds of Perceived Pressure, by Patient Characteristics (n = 2,400)

	Pressure for Induction		Pressure for Cesarean
	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age category (Ref = 35+)
18–24	1.49	(0.82, 2.73)	1.49	(0.80, 2.79)
25–29	1.05	(0.62, 1.79)	1.24	(0.71, 2.18)
30–34	1.08	(0.64, 1.82)	1.38	(0.79, 2.39)
Race (Ref = White)
Black	1.27	(0.62, 1.84)	1.10	(0.65, 1.86)
Hispanic	0.90	(0.59, 1.37)	1.28	(0.83, 1.98)
Other/multiple race	1.33	(0.78, 2.29)	1.11	(0.52, 2.36)
Foreign born	0.36*	(0.16, 0.84)	0.74	(0.35, 1.59)
Married at time of birth	1.09	(0.74, 1.60)	0.96	(0.63, 1.47)
Education (Ref = H.S. or less)
Some college/associate’s degree	0.95	(0.62, 1.45)	1.02	(0.65, 1.59)
Bachelor’s degree	1.59	(0.98, 2.58)	1.73*	(1.01, 2.95)
Graduate education/degree	2.11**	(1.21, 3.67)	1.44	(0.78, 2.66)
Region (Ref = Northeast)
Midwest	0.78	(0.46, 1.31)	0.59	(0.33, 1.05)
South	0.90	(0.54, 1.51)	0.94	(0.55, 1.58)
West	0.84	(0.50, 1.43)	0.93	(0.52, 1.67)
Insurance (Ref = Private)
Public insurance	0.59*	(0.39, 0.88)	0.70	(0.45, 1.08)
No insurance	1.69*	(1.02, 2.79)	1.84*	(1.07, 3.14)
Pregnancy characteristics
Mode of delivery (Ref = No prior deliveries)
Most recent prior birth was vaginal	1.01	(0.66, 1.57)	0.68	(0.42, 1.11)
Most recent prior birth was by cesarean	0.80	(0.41, 1.56)	3.64***	(2.15, 6.14)
Unintended pregnancy	1.30	(0.90, 1.85)	1.05	(0.71, 1.55)
Belief in birth as a natural process	1.01	(0.72, 1.42)	1.44	(1.00, 2.06)
Took childbirth education classes	3.31***	(2.23, 4.93)	2.57***	(1.74, 3.80)
Delivery provider (Ref = OB/GYN)
Family medicine doctor	1.25	(0.74, 2.12)	0.83	(0.42, 1.65)
Midwife	1.34	(0.75, 2.40)	1.48	(0.80, 2.77)
Other (or missing)	2.73***	(1.75, 4.27)	1.86**	(1.21, 2.88)
Never met delivery provider until labor and birth	0.72	(0.46, 1.14)	0.71	(0.46, 1.11)

^***p < .001

^**p < .01

^*p < .05.