Table 2.

Multilevel Models Predicting Cognitive Functioning from Depression.

Predictor Variable	Concurrent Model				Lagged Model
	Fixed Effects
	B	SE	df	t	B	SE	df	t
Within-person (Level 1)
Linear Time	2.45	2.24	845.67	1.09	13.56	6.69	179.49	2.03*
Quadratic Time	0.51	0.24	163.42	2.14*	−0.67	0.62	116.86	−1.08
Age × Linear Time	−0.03	0.03	854.69	−1.02	−0.19	0.09	184.60	−2.01*
Age × Quadratic	−0.01	0.003	167.38	−2.32*	0.01	0.01	119.47	1.08
Depression	−0.11	0.03	152.13	−3.41**	0.02	0.10	23.55	0.19
Between-person (Level 2)
Age	−0.31	0.10	484.10	−3.03**	−0.07	0.24	317.83	−0.28
Sex	0.93	1.26	273.00	0.74	1.50	1.81	80.21	0.83
Education	1.54	0.23	284.66	6.65***	1.34	0.39	96.10	3.43***
Depression	−0.37	0.10	293.53	−3.77***	−0.40	0.17	79.80	−2.31*
	Random Effects
Covariance parameter estimate	B	SE		Z	B	SE		Z
Within-person
Linear Time	.85	.27		3.17**	.22	.21		1.03
Quadratic Time	.003	.002		1.55	.000a	.000 a		---
Depression	.04	.02		2.38*	.23	.18		1.30
		Within Pseudo R2		43%		Within Pseudo R2		50%
		Between Pseudo R2		40%		Between Pseudo R2		49%

Note: Cognitive functioning is operationalized as cognitive test performance. Between-person depression refers to person-mean level of the MADRS (i.e., average level of depression over the entire study period); In the Concurrent Model within-person depression refers to person-centered level of the MADRS (i.e., annual deviations in depression centered around person-mean level of depression); In the Lagged Model within-person depression refers to lagged person-centered level of the MADRS (i.e., previous year annual deviations in depression centered around person-mean level of depression).

^aVariance too small to be estimated. The final Hessian matrix is not positive definite although all convergence criteria are satisfied. The test statistic and confidence interval cannot be computed.

^***Predictor is significant at .001 level;

^**Predictor is significant at the .01 level;

^*Predictor is significant at the .05 level.