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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2015 Aug 19;87(4):699–715. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.017

Figure 1. Phenotypes in Fmr1 KO mice that suggest hyperexcitability.

Figure 1

  • (A)
    Audiogenic seizures (AGS) are easier to elicit in Fmr1 KO mice of the FVB background. Percentage of animals showing AGS (light bars) and percentage mortality from status epilepticus (dark bars) after exposure to a high intensity siren delivering an average sound pressure level of 125 dB at 11cm for up to 15 min. [Adapted from Yan et al., 2005]
  • (B)
    Auditory startle is enhanced in Fmr1 KO mice. Fmr1 KO mice in c57 background (and FVB, not shown) show greater startle amplitude responses (measured as whole-body flinches) to low intensity acoustic stimuli (<90 dB) and lower responses to high intensity stimuli (>110 dB) compared to WT mice at 12–15 weeks of age. (from Nielsen et al., 2002)
  • (C)
    Whole-body startle response to 20 ms auditory stimuli (values over 65 dB background white noise) is exaggerated in 9–16 week-old Fmr1−/y mice compared to WT mice. [from Zhang et al., 2014]
  • (D)
    Disrupted circadian rhythms in Fmr1 KO mice. Left, Representative locomotor activity records of WT and KO mice. Activity records are double-plotted. Times of activity (wheel running) are indicated by black vertical marks, during exposure to a 12:12 light/dark cycle and after release into constant darkness (LD/DD). Right, Enlarged record showing clear disruption of circadian locomotor activity in the mutant animal, including frequent awakenings during the day. [from Zhang et al., 2008]